The consumption of garlic is inversely correlated with the progression of cardiovascular disease, although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that human RBCs convert garlic-derived organic polysulfides into hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell signaling molecule. This H2S production, measured in real time by a novel polarographic H2S sensor, is supported by glucosemaintained cytosolic glutathione levels and is to a large extent reliant on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. H2S production from organic polysulfides is facilitated by allyl substituents and by increasing numbers of tethering sulfur atoms. Allyl-substituted polysulfides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the ␣ carbon of the allyl substituent, thereby forming a hydropolysulfide (RSnH), a key intermediate during the formation of H2S. Organic polysulfides (R-Sn-R; n > 2) also undergo nucleophilic substitution at a sulfur atom, yielding RSnH and H2S. Intact aorta rings, under physiologically relevant oxygen levels, also metabolize garlic-derived organic polysulfides to liberate H2S. The vasoactivity of garlic compounds is synchronous with H2S production, and their potency to mediate relaxation increases with H2S yield, strongly supporting our hypothesis that H2S mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Our results also suggest that the capacity to produce H2S can be used to standardize garlic dietary supplements.Allium ͉ aorta ͉ polysulfides ͉ red blood cells ͉ vasorelaxation

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Due to the association of human papillomaviruses (HPV) with development of multiple carcinomas, especially cervical carcinomas, early diagnosis and prevention of infection with HPV are of great medical and economic importance. Knowledge of the early steps of papillomavirus infection, which results in infectious entry, will help develop means to prevent HPV-induced lesions. Since HPV are difficult to propagate in cell culture, surrogate infection systems with marker-encoding viral capsids, called HPV pseudovirions, have been developed and successfully used in investigating the HPV entry pathway as well as in testing of substances interfering with HPV infection (2, 33). These studies have led to the identification of specifically modified heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) as primary attachment receptors for papillomaviruses (13,15) and to heparin and other sulfated polysaccharides as inhibitors of HPV infection (1, 7, 13). Recently, carrageenan, an unbranched sulfated polysaccharide from algae with saccharide linkages reminiscent of galactosaminoglycans, has been reported to inhibit HPV infection primarily by preventing the binding of virions to the cell (4). Dispirotripiperazine (DSTP) derivatives represent another substance class with proven antiviral potential. DSTP27 (an N,NЈ-bisheteryl derivative of DSTP), one of the most active derivatives of this new class of low-molecular-weight antiherpetic compounds, interacts with specific forms of cell surface HSPGs (26). In addition to the inhibition of herpes virus attachment and infection, DSTP27 efficiently blocks the attachment and uptake of members from other virus families that depend on HSPGs as primary attachment molecules (25). In contrast to the HS analogs such as heparin and pentosan polysulfate that have short-lived effects, pretreatment of cells with DSTP27 induces a longlasting antiviral effect. Based on computer modeling, DSTP27 possibly interacts with two O-sulfate groups located on neighboring saccharides of the HS chain (27). Using the octosaccharide essential for HS-mediated entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) into host cells (20), these computational studies further show that DSTP27 may additionally interact with a carbonyl group, thus increasing the strength of compound binding.Since HPV bind specifically to sulfated polysaccharide residues of cell surface HSPGs, particularly 2-O-and 6-O-sulfated HS chains in addition to N-sulfated residues (27), DSTP27 was predicted to work as a potent inhibitor of HPV infection. In this report we demonstrate that DSTP27 efficiently prevents HPV infection when applied several hours pre-or postinfection of cells. This is achieved by two putatively different mech-* Corresponding author. Mailing address:

Summary The HIF transcription factor promotes adaptation to hypoxia and stimulates the growth of certain cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The HIFα subunit is usually prolyl-hydroxylated by EglN family members under normoxic conditions, causing its rapid degradation. We confirmed that TNBC cells secrete glutamate, which we found is both necessary and sufficient for the paracrine induction of HIF1α in such cells under normoxic conditions. Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular cysteine depletion. EglN1, the main HIFα prolyl hydroxylase, undergoes oxidative self-inactivation in the absence of cysteine both in biochemical assays and in cells, resulting in HIF1α accumulation. Therefore, EglN1 senses both oxygen and cysteine.

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The thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase carries out the condensation of pyruvate as 2-hydroxyethyl donor with D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (D-GAP) as acceptor forming DXP. Toward understanding catalysis of this potential anti-infective drug target, we examined the pathway of the enzyme using steady state and pre-steady state kinetic methods. It was found that DXP synthase stabilizes the ThDP-bound pre-decarboxylation intermediate formed between ThDP and pyruvate (C2α-lactylThDP or LThDP) in the absence of D-GAP, while addition of D-GAP enhanced the rate of decarboxylation by at least 600-fold. We postulate that decarboxylation requires formation of a ternary complex with both LThDP and D-GAP bound, and the central enzyme-bound enamine reacts with D-GAP to form DXP. This appears to be the first study of a ThDP enzyme where the individual rate constants could be evaluated by time-resolved CD spectroscopy, and the results could have relevance to other ThDP enzymes in which decarboxylation is coupled to a ligation reaction. The acceleration of the rate of decarboxylation of enzyme-bound LThDP in the presence of D-GAP suggests a new approach to inhibitor design.

DW. Hydrogen sulfide mediates vasoactivity in an O 2-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292: H1953-H1960, 2007. First published January 19, 2007 doi:10.1152 doi:10. /ajpheart.01193.2006 has recently been shown to have a signaling role in vascular cells. Similar to nitric oxide (NO), H 2S is enzymatically produced by amino acid metabolism and can cause posttranslational modification of proteins, particularly at thiol residues. Molecular targets for H 2S include ATP-sensitive K ϩ channels, and H2S may interact with NO and heme proteins such as cyclooxygenase. It is well known that the reactions of NO in the vasculature are O 2 dependent, but this has not been addressed in most studies designed to elucidate the role of H 2S in vascular function. This is important, since H2S reactions can be dramatically altered by the high concentrations of O 2 used in cell culture and organ bath experiments. To test the hypothesis that the effects of H 2S on the vasculature are O2 dependent, we have measured real-time levels of H 2S and O2 in respirometry and vessel tension experiments, as well as the associated vascular responses. A novel polarographic H2S sensor developed in our laboratory was used to measure H2S levels. Here we report that, in rat aorta, H2S concentrations that mediate rapid contraction at high O2 levels cause rapid relaxation at lower physiological O2 levels. At high O2, the vasoconstrictive effect of H2S suggests that it may not be H2S per se but, rather, a putative vasoactive oxidation product that mediates constriction. These data are interpreted in terms of the potential for H2S to modulate vascular tone in vivo.

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