The ion species ratios in low energy high flux deuterium plasma beams formed in a linear plasma generator were measured by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. And the species control in the plasma generator was evaluated by changing the operational parameters like neutral pressure, arc current, and axial magnetic confinement to the plasma column. The measurements reveal that the lower pressures prefer to form more D+ ions, and the medium magnetic confinement at the higher pressures results in production of more D2+, while the stronger confinement and/or larger arc current are helpful to D2+ conversion into D3+. Therefore, the ion species can be controlled by adjusting the operational parameters of the plasma generator. With suitable adjustment, we can achieve plasma beams highly enriched with a single species of D+, D2+, or D3+, to a ratio over 80%. It has been found that the axial magnetic configuration played a significant role in the formation of D3+ within the experimental pressure range.
The characteristics of beta-alaline uptake were studied in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from the proximal small intestine of rabbits and were compared with those of L-alpha-alanine uptake. The uptake of beta-alanine as well as L-alpha-alanine was significantly stimulated by imposing an inwardly directed Na+ gradient. Studies on transstimulation and substrate specificity provide evidence that the transport system serving beta-alanine is distinct from the system serving alpha-alanine. The beta-system also accepts taurine as a substrate. The Na(+)-dependent uptakes of beta-alanine and L-alpha-alanine were differentially influenced by anions. The order in which anions supported uptake was Cl- = SCN- greater than F- greater than NO3- = SO2(-4) for beta-alanine, whereas it was SCN- greater than F- = Cl- = NO3- greater than SO2(-4) for L-alpha-alanine. Cl- appeared to be the preferred anion to support the uptake of beta-alanine. beta-Alanine uptake was greater in the presence of an inwardly directed Cl- gradient than in the presence of Cl- at equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane. The uptake was maximal when a Na+ gradient and a Cl- gradient were present simultaneously. The NaCl gradient-driven beta-alanine uptake was stimulated by an inside-negative K(+)-diffusion potential induced by valinomycin, showing that the uptake process is electrogenic. Stoichiometric analyses suggest that multiple Na+ and one Cl- are associated with the uptake of one beta-alanine molecule. The kinetic study shows that the transporter for beta-alanine is a high-affinity, low-capacity system (Kt = 46 +/- 1 microM; Vmax = 30 +/- 1 pmol.mg protein-1.15 s-1).
High density energetic electrons that are created by intense laser plasma interactions drive MeV proton acceleration. The correlation between accelerated MeV protons and escaped electrons is experimentally investigated at laser intensities in the range of 10 18-10 19 W / cm 2 with S-polarization. Observed proton maximum energies are linearly proportional to escaped electron slope temperatures with a scaling coefficient of about 10. In the context of the simple analytical fluid model for transverse normal sheath acceleration, hot electron sheath density near the target rear surface can be estimated if an empirical acceleration time is assumed.
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