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KEYWORDSThe aim of the present study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of white (Morus alba L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits either used individually or in a combination on alloxan diabetic rats. These fruits are reported to be rich in antioxidants, flavonoids and phenolics that can potentially fight against diabetes mellitus. Male albino rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control, alloxan-diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with white mulberry fruit powder at 5% in the diet, diabetic rats treated with black mulberry fruit powder at 5% in the diet and diabetic rats treated with mixture of white and black mulberry fruits powder at 5% in the diet. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood glucose level, liver and kidney enzymes activity, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and histopathological studies on liver, kidney and pancreas were evaluated. The mixture of white and black mulberry fruits showed the most significant (p < 0.05) improvement in feed efficiency ratio with increasing body weight gain, as well as decrease in blood glucose level and liver-kidney dysfunction when compared with diabetic control rats. Significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) as well as significant increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) in diabetic rats was observed with all treatments. Moreover, mulberry fruits administration caused significant inhibition in lipid peroxidation and α-amylase activity. In addition, the beneficial effect of all treatments was further confirmed with histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreas. This study reveals hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of white and black mulberry fruits either used individually or in combination as a dietary supplement in alloxan diabetic rats. Alloxan Antidiabetic Hypoglycemic Morus alba fruits Morus nigra fruits Lipid peroxidation

The oral toxicity of both insecticides: the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam (TMX) and the avermectin Emamectin Benzoate (EB) was conducted daily in female rats with doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg/body weight (bw) for TMX and 1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg bw for EB for 90 successive days. Significant decrease in the body weight gain and food consumption was observed at highest dose (100 mg/kg bw) of TMX and (5 mg/kg/ bw) of EB and at necropsy the relative body weights of liver and kidney was also significantly increased at this dose level. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters for TMX, while the high dose of EB significantly decreased in all the investigated hematological parameters. In clinical chemistry parameters a significant increase (p < 0.05) was noted in serum AST, ALT, ALP and BUN in animals exposed to 100 mg/kg bw dose of TMX and 5 mg/kg bw of EB. On the other hand, at the same levels there was a dose-depended significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Oral administration of TMX and EB to female rats for 90 days resulted in 16-30% and 15-26% inhibition of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity, respectively. Liver and kidney of rats exposed with high dose of TMX and EB had showed mild pathological changes. Based on the hematological, biochemical and histpathological studies it is evident that TMX and EB has not produced any significant effects at 20 and 1.25 mg/kg bw doses respectively but induced toxicological effects at 100 mg/kg bw for TMX and 5 mg/kg bw for EB to female rats. Hence, 25 mg/kg bw/day for TMX and 1.25 mg/kg bw/day for EB dose may be considered as No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for female rats for both insecticides respectively.

KEYWORDSRecently, there has been more interest with antidiabetic agents commencing natural products from plants as a better treatment than currently used synthetic drugs. The high performance liquid chromatography analysis of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract revealed occurrence of twenty one polyphenolic compounds. Catechin is the main constituent (29.91%), followed by apigenin (20.96%), then, ellagic acid, quercetin, kampferol, ferulic acid, luteolin, pyrogallol, rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechouic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffiene, syrigic acid, catechol and p-OH-benzoic acid in percentages of 17.54, 10.45, 7.63, 4.67, 4.61, 4.30, 3.21, 3.15, 2.10, 1.48, 1.43, 1.13, 1.09, 1.08 and 1.05%, respectively. The antidiabetic and heamatological effects of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract (10, 20 and 40 mg/100 g body weight) in streptozotocin diabetic rats were investigated comparing with metformin HCl (50 mg/100 g body weight) for 30 days. Our results indicated that the most effective dose of methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract was 40 mg/100 g body weight, which decreased blood glucose level to about 77.37% in diabetic rats, compared with a percentage of 76.50% achieved by administration with metformin HCl. Furthermore, liver functions activity, kidney functions, lipid profile, atherogenic indices and haematological parameters were scrutinized in diabetic rats treated with methanolic Acalypha wilkesiana leaves extract. These results indicate that the methanolic leaves extract of Acalypha wilkesiana, have favorable effects in bringing down the severity of diabetes and justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.Lipid profile Antidiabetic Haematology Liver functions Kidney functions Acalypha wilkesiana

Novel fused and isolated triazoles based on thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines were synthesized starting from 2‐aminothiophene ester and structurally confirmed by spectral and analytical data. The synthesized triazolo compounds were screened for their phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity and showed encouraging activity than did sildenafil as a reference drug.

1,4-Dioxane (DX) with two oxygen atoms make it hydrophilic and infinitely soluble in water. As a synthetic organic compound, it used widely throughout industry as a solvent. Dioxane causes numerous human ailments such as liver damage and kidney failure. It has been shown in research to be carcinogenic to animals, and is a potential carcinogen to humans. Daily administration for 1,4-dioxane (100 mg/kg body weight) in drinking water for rats weighing 120 g, except for normal control group. Experimental animal for 42 days was followed through body weight, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, and catalase enzyme activity; beside histological patterns for liver, kidney, brain and ovary sections. Protection treatment has been offered using oral injection N-acetyl cysteine (100mg/kg b.wt.), and fresh 200mg/kg b.wt. in diet meal for each of nabk, husk, and sycamore in separated groups. Body weight and CAT activity have decreased by 25.8, and 68.7%, respectively. While increase has found in MDA, ALP and creatinine values by 76, 48.9, and 67.3%, respectively. NAC showed improvement especially for MDA peroxidation marker and creatinine for kidney disorder. On the other hand, nabk improved CAT activity and husk for ALP liver mutagenicity marker. Intoxicated DX showed edema, kupffer cell activation, atrophy of glomerular tuft, and necrosis of neurons in liver, kidney and brain sections. Obviously nabk showed highly improvement in liver toxicity which is the most sensitive organ to DX as found in research.

This study aimed to observe antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) fruit juice and pomace in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Physalis peruviana L is well-known as a goldenberry or harankash in Egypt, is used to administer diabetes and its problems. Diabetes was induced using STZ (65 mg/kg, b.w). Three days after STZ induction, diabetic rats daily received 5.0 mL/kg/ body weight of P. Peruviana crude fruit juice and P. Peruviana fruit pomace at 10% level mixed with the diet for 35 days. Metformin (0.5 mg/kg, orally) as a reference. The serum urea and creatinine were measured. In addition to CAT, SOD enzymes, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated in pancreas tissue. P. peruviana fruit juice and pomace significantly (P < 0.05) normalized levels of glucose in blood compared to STZ control group. Serum biochemical parameters including lipid profile and antioxidant status were significantly (P < 0.05) restored toward normal levels in P. peruviana fruit juice and pomace-treated rats as compared to STZ control animals. The protective effect was further confirmed by histological improvements in pancreatic cells of the treated diabetic rats. Encouraging nature medication of hyperglycemia and diabetic complications by Physalis peruviana L. fruit juice and pomace.