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This paper aims to review the problem of colour in textile ef¯uents, the different classes of dyes available and their contribution to the problem. Through new regulations, pressure is being placed on water companies all over the world to reduce the amount of colour in sewage ef¯uent. Dyes exhibit low toxicity to mammals and aquatic organisms and therefore colour consents are normally applied for aesthetic and industrial reasons rather than for prevention of toxicity. The absorbance, ADMI values and concentrations of dyes in ef¯uent are examined here with particular reference to reactive azo dyes used in cotton processing. Colour consents, the problem of colour in textile wastewaters and the importance for research in this area are also discussed. Dye concentrations of 0.01 g dm À3 up to 0.25 g dm À3 have been cited as being present in dyehouse ef¯uent, depending on the dyes and processes used. ADMI values ranged from 50 to 3890 units for the dyeing of cotton. It was concluded that 1500 ADMI units was a reasonable value to aim for when simulating coloured ef¯uents. Simulated textile ef¯uents may be used for research purposes. These should resemble real wastes as closely as possible, but it is often dif®cult to replicate the ADMI values, absorbance and spectra of real ef¯uents. The concentrations of dye used in simulated ef¯uents examined in literature varied from 0.01 g dm À3 to 7 g dm À3.As absorbance and ADMI values change with the types of dye used, it is dif®cult to relate these values to dye concentrations. A concentration of 0.18 g dm À3 of a Red or Yellow dye or 0.43 g dm À3 of a blue dye would provide an ADMI of approximately 1500 units and ®ts within the range of dye concentrations presented in literature. A dye mixture simulating colour in a real textile ef¯uent is suggested and some limitations of simulating actual wastewaters discussed.

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: The treatment of textile waste water is commonly carried out using biological (mainly aerobic) and physico-chemical systems. However, anaerobic bioreactors can be used to at least partially treat these effluents and provide a number of signiÐcant advantages. The most attractive feature for the treatment of textile effluents is the decolourisation of many dyes under the reducing conditions present in an anaerobic reactor. Laboratory-scale results on this particular topic are here reviewed. A second major advantage of anaerobic processing is its ability to treat wastestreams with high organic loads such as the effluents from the desizing and scouring operations currently employed in the textile manufacturing industry. Reports on successful, full-scale and pilot-scale plants are also reviewed and some limitations are discussed.1998 Society of Chemical ( Industry J. Chem. T echnol. Biotechnol. 73, 323È335 (1998)

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