It is beneficial for photovoltaic (PV) systems to work with energy storage elements especially at residential applications. However, the price for these systems is still high compared to the financial profit which can be gained from such a system. In this paper, the increase cost efficiency of adding a specified size of battery energy storage system to a residential PV system is investigated with an economic Energy Management Strategy (EMS) developed for this application. To derive the most cost effective battery size, a cost function based on a proposed physical based battery lifetime model is developed. In addition, the utility rating has a major impact on the cost calculation, as there are different rating systems available; this paper uses Time of Use (TOU) rating. Real load and PV power profiles are applied to calculate a lifelike economic factor of this system. Finally the simulation results are presented to verify the proposed battery sizing strategy.
In this paper, we show from observations that the Intra-American Seas precursor as characterized by the onset of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP; defined by the area enclosed by 28.5 C isotherm in the tropical Atlantic Ocean) has discernible impact on the boreal summer and fall seasonal climate variations over North America, a season and a region well known for relatively poor seasonal predictability. The onset of the AWP season is objectively defined as the day when the daily anomaly of the AWP area, west of 50 W, and north of the equator exceeds its climatological annual mean value. We show that early (late) onset of AWP is associated with following August-September-October (ASO) deficit (excess) seasonal rainfall anomalies over southern Mississippi valley extending to the Midwest US east of Iowa. On the other hand, Central America and the Caribbean region exhibit enhanced (decreased) ASO seasonal mean rainfall during an early (late) onset of AWP. We also find that early (late) onset of the AWP is associated with early (late) onset and early (late) demise of the rainy season over Mesoamerica. This relationship also leads to association of early (late) onset of AWP with increased (shortened) length of the rainy season over Mesoamerica. These teleconnections are dictated by the modulation of the low-level flow and moisture flux convergence associated with the varying development of the AWP. Similarly, we find that early (late) onset years of the AWP are associated with a more active (inactive) seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. These teleconnections are sustained from the fact that the AWP onset date variations are found to be a precursor to the seasonal AWP size variations.
Our study reveals that there is promising seasonal predictability of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP; defined as the area enclosed by the 28.5°C isotherm in tropical western Atlantic) and its associated teleconnections of late summer-early fall seasonal rainfall anomalies over the continental US displayed by a subset of the North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME). We find that of the four NMME models at least two models (CFSv2 and GFDL) exhibit consistently useful deterministic and probabilistic skill in predicting the July-October (JASO) seasonal anomalies of the area of the AWP at lead times of up to four months. These two models shown are shown to beat the observed persistence skill by a significant margin at all lead times with the exception of lead time zero. The two NMME models also skillfully predict the teleconnections of the JASO AWP anomalies with the corresponding seasonal JASO rainfall anomalies in the eastern Mississippi valley. These prediction skills are significant improvement in warm season rainfall predictability over the continental US.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.