This article contests the criticisms of Black Marxism, asa basically masculinist text, that have circulated mainly in oral form. Based in part on an interview with Robinson, the article explores the concept of a closed, top-down narrative, which permits no further engagement or activity on the part of the reader, and an open-ended text, based on a methodology such as Robinson’s, which can act as a point of departure for other activist scholars. The article develops the notion of resistance itself as gendered, which is particularly evident in Robinson’s later work, and argues that the simplistic inclusion of women does not, of itself, render a text feminist.
An examination of early Japanese immigrants in Brazil (1908Brazil ( -1942 suggests that the infrastructure of Japanese-Brazilian relations was framed before Brazil declared war on Japan in 1942. This infrastructure was built on a desire by the governments and elite of both countries to achieve two objectives: capitalist expansion and domestic tranquility. These two objectives were manifested in a coherent programme of migration, expansion of international trade, and domestic order. In Japan, this was translated into a concerted campaign by governmental agencies and officials, corporations, and banks to export people and capital to Brazil. In Brazil, efforts were made to cooperate with the Japanese emigration establishment to manage and regulate the activities and lives of Japanese migrants. The success of this diplomacy was a product of an organised campaign that effectively exploited the dynamics of migrant labour, investment-relations, and racism.
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