The external signals are used as elicitors that can modify the levels of secondary metabolites production and trigger the biotechnological enforcements to improve plant production. In this study, sodium chloride NaCl was used as a stimulating factor for the production of beta-carboline alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, in Peganum harmala. The in vitro induced callus of P. harmalain was used as a source for alkaloid production in the stimulating experiments with sodium chloride. The results illustrated that 2 mg.l-1 of NaCl increased the fresh and dry weight of callus with an average of 944.30 and 72.0 mg, respectively. In a comparative analysis through Gas Chromatography (GC), high concentrations of harmine of 58.55 µg.g-1 from the root and 56.50µg.g-1 from stem callus were recorded upon treatment with 4 mg.l-1 of NaCl. Treatment with 4 mg.l-1 NaCl also showed an increased amount of harmaline concentration in both root and stem, with values of 2.72 and 2.65 µg.g-1, respectively. The analysis and calculation of gene expression by real-time PCR of RNA showed that the induced stem callus had a high gene expression with a copy number of 229,030. While in the root, the effect of higher salinity increased the percentage of alkaloids without increasing the copy number of gene expression.

This study was done to evaluated the PGPMs (Rhizobium ciceri CP-93 + Azospirillum brasilense + Trichoderma harzianum. + Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus megaterium) + 25% chemical fertilizer under salinity stress for four levels. S0 ((2.7 − 3.4) dS/m, S1(4.5 − 5), S2 (7 − 9) and S3 (10 − 15) dS/m. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out in the plant protection directorate/ministry of agriculture/Abu-ghreeb/Baghdad. In 2018 - 2019, using IPA 99 wheat cultivar. laboratory Experiment demonstrated, the ability of the microorganisms used in this study, to growth and survive normally and similar to the control treatment under salinity stress in vitro for three concentration of drainage water (5, 10, 15) dS/cm. Results of field experiment showed, T6 (Rhizobium ciceri CP-93 + Azospirillum brasilense + Trichoderma harzianum. + Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus megaterium + 25% chemical fertilizer) and T4(Rhizobium ciceri CP-93 + Azospirillum brasilense + Pseudomonas fluorescence + Bacillus megaterium +25% chemical fertilizer) recorded significant increased in the number of spike, number of spikletes, number of tillers and length of spike in the S1 and S2, comparison with other treatments. T6 recorded significant increase in the weight of 1000 seed in both S1 and S2 with (38.5, 38) g respectively, and in the yield of crop of one meter T6 and T4 recorded significant increase over other treatments, with 435 g/m2 and 421 g/m2 respectively in S1and (335, 330) g/m2 in S2.T6 also recorded significant increase in harvest index in both levels 27.23 % in S1 and 26 % in S2. results also showed there were no seed germination in S3, and there are not any data had been taken.

Plant tissue culture considers a benefit biotechnological technique for scientific research especially the production of undifferentiation callus cells and regeneration through suspension or static media. The seedlings of Peganum harmala was used as a source to produce callus mass in vitro in static media through different tissue culture media supplemented by varying combinations of plant growth regulators (PGR). The result illustrates that 2 mg/l of Kinitine with 0.5 mg/l of 2, 4-D was efficient to stimulate callus induction with percent 100% in stem and root of P. harmala and this combination gave a high fresh weight, 1954 mg in root and 1170mg in stem and high dry weight in root and stem was 74.60, 60.30 respectively. In a comparative analysis through gas chromatography (GC) the stem and root in field recorded harmine concentration 56.13 and 40.95 μg respectively, which was higher than the in vitro callus induction from stem and root, which may be due to the fact that field plants have not been exposed to plant hormones with concentrations higher than the normal level, which reduced the stimulation of cells producing active compounds.

Summary Introduction: Herbs or plants are used for a variety of purposes, including nutrition, medicinal and in the beverage industry, beverages, coloring, food preservatives, insect repellants and cosmetics. Methods: Many plants were obtained from local markets and the oil was extracted with hexane at a concentration of 75%. Green silver nanoparticles were prepared. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyzer. Results: The results showed small, smooth spherical nanoparticles, ranging between 57.41–88.00 nm, as well as the distribution of electric charges evenly on the surface of the nanoparticles, which acquired effective agents for nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1. The effectiveness of green nanoparticles against aflatoxin-b1 by using high-performance liquid chromatography technology detected its concentration. The standard concentration of aflatoxin-b1 was (20) ppb. The results of the activity of plant oil extracts of T-thyme, rosemary-R, mint-M and eucalyptus-E reached (0.104, 1.586, 1.083 and 1.067) ppb, while it appears in the nanoparticle activity of T, R, M and E were as (0.065, 0.226, 0.377 and 0.702) ppb respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that green Ag nanoparticles are efficient in processing or eliminating aflatoxin-b1 and can be produced at very low concentrations compared to the concentrations of plant extracts prepared.