Background: LiDAR is an established technology that is increasingly being used to characterise spatial variation in important forest metrics such as total stem volume. The cost of forest inventory and LiDAR acquisition are strongly related to the inventory plot size and the LiDAR pulse density, respectively. It would therefore be beneficial to understand how reductions in these variables influence the strength of relationships between LiDAR and stand metrics. Although relatively high pulse densities are required for creating Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), once a DTM has been developed there is scope for reducing pulse density on subsequent flights to estimate stand metrics from LiDAR. This study used an extensive national dataset (for which the DTM had been characterised) obtained within New Zealand's planted forests. Using this dataset, the objective of this research was to investigate how variation in both pulse density and plot size influence the precision of relationships between LiDAR metrics and total stem volume. Methods: LiDAR metrics were thinned to pulse densities ranging from 0.01 to 4 pulses m -2 across plot sizes ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 ha. For each pulse density/plot size combination regressions between LiDAR mean height and total stem volume were fitted using parameters fixed at values for the unthinned dataset or separately fitted for each pulse density/plot size combination.
A race, chemically distinct but morphologically similar to the widespread Monarda fistulosa L. var. menthaefolia (Graham) Fern., has been found to share the same habitat with the normal form in and around the Spruce Woods Forest Reserve in Manitoba.The foliage of the mutant form contained 0.7 to 1.1% oil on a fresh weight basis. This was about twice the quantity steam-distilled from the normal form. The oil from the mutant was 72 to 93% geraniol, previously unreported in Monarda. The mutant and normal forms cross readily, indicating no genetic isolating barriers have been established.
Received27April1982INDEX WORDS Rosa, rose genetics, flower pigments, paper chromatography, anthocyanin, cyanin, peonin, pelargonin.
SUMMARYIn breeding for color and winter hardiness in Rosa, more than 1200 progeny from 47 families were analyzed for anthocyanin pigments. Cyanin, peonin and pelargonin were found in 99x, 52% and 31% respectively, of the seedlings. Each pigment was highly heritable from seed or pollen parents or both. All showed quantitative inheritance, particularly cyanin and peonin. A system is proposed to explain most of the synthetic pathways and controls for anthocyanin production in roses.
Background: Timber from old-growth stands of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl.) is dimensionally stable, resistant to surface checking and splitting, and has been widely used for outdoor purposes such as decking and cladding. Restrictions on the supply of redwood timber from Californian stands have increased the focus on timber from plantations grown elsewhere in comparatively short rotations. Little is known about the quality of timber produced from plantations of redwood in New Zealand.
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