The suppression of T-cell function by cyclosporin therapy can result in an increase of HPV infection, adding to the proliferative activity of cyclosporin in the oral mucosa.

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The effect of post preparation on the apical seal was studied using simulated root canals. The maximum level of removal was tested with residual fillings 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm long. All of the artificial canals were filled with gutta-percha, Grossman's sealer, and lateral condensation. The removal was immediate and carried out with warm pluggers and the dowel space was completed with a Peeso drill. Stainless steel posts were cemented with zinc phosphate cement in the free space of the root canals. The coronal access of the canals was sealed with temporary fillings. After setting the materials, the specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue dye solution for 72 h and were observed with a measuring microscope. The final length of the apical fillings was found to be different from the intended length in every group. As far as leakage was concerned, 1, 2, and 3 mm-long fillings did not show a significant difference when compared with the negative control group (that is to say, filled canals where no dowel space was created). In the 4 mm fillings the leakage value was zero. These findings may be of clinical importance when restoring short roots.

This study shows a significant association between loss of passive HHV-6 antibody and age among infants. The results support evidence that HHV-6 enters the susceptible population at 11 months, leading to a high prevalence of antibodies in children between 13 and 15 months of age.

Introduction: We present a case of a 50 year-old man who presented with one week of chest discomfort and ECG consistent with pericarditis (Fig. 1A) complicated by pericardial effusion. He rapidly developed cardiac tamponade with a pulsus paradoxus of 30mmHg and associated echocardiographic signs including RV diastolic collapse (Fig. 1B) and severe respiratory variation requiring pericardiocentesis (Fig. 1C). He was treated with high-dose indomethacin and colchicine 0.6mg twice daily with symptomatic improvement. Initial work-up for the etiology of pericardial effusion was notable for a borderline ANA of 1:40 and an RF of 20 IU/mL. CRP improved from 115.5 mg/L to 6.3mg/L with treatment. Two months later, he developed recurrent chest pain with new arthralgias and new morning stiffness in several joints after completing the course of indomethacin. A repeat ECG revealed normal sinus rhythm. He was restarted on high-dose indomethacin and referred to rheumatology clinic for further autoimmune work-up. This revealed an elevated anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody IgG titer (>250), which is highly specific for RA. He was started on methotrexate 15mg weekly for treatment of newly diagnosed RA. To date, he remains asymptomatic. Results: Conclusions: Cardiac tamponade as the initial presentation of RA has not been previously described, but has been seen in systemic lupus erythematosus. Few case reports of pericardial disease without tamponade as the initial finding of RA have been reported. Development of cardiac tamponade in RA is rare (<1%). New clinical symptoms and a high index of suspicion should prompt repeat and expanded work up for rheumatologic etiologies of pericardial disease. While cardiac involvement in RA is known to increase mortality, outcomes have been improving due to novel anti-inflammatory therapies. This case serves as an example of the collaboration needed between specialties to make the correct diagnosis in cardio-rheumatology patients .

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