Intercropping as a method to reduce crop losses is an old technique, especially in the tropics. During 1977 and 1978 intercropping experiments of Brussels sprouts with Spergula arvensis showed a significant pest reducing effect. Mamestra brassicae and Evergestis forficalis populations showed a strong reduction, whereas Pieris rapae did not seem to respond to intercropping. Late cabbage root fly infestation of the sprout buttons was reduced drastically. Brevicoryne brassicae incidence was decreased in dense intercropping plots only. Injury due to caterpillar feeding showed a grading response to intercropping density, as did the total caterpillar populations. Log dose − effect regression lines allow a comparison of various intercropping densities with other control methods on insect pest population reducing potential. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG WIRKUNGEN VON ZWISCHENKULTUREN MIT SPERGULA ARVENSIS AUF SCHÄDLINGEN VON ROSENKOHL Durch Untersaaten können Ertragsverluste an Kulturpflanzen reduziert werden. Das ist ein altes, bewährtes Verfahren, besonders in den Tropen. Die Einsaat von Spergula arvensis in Rosenkohlbeständen führte in 2‐jährigen Untersuchungen zur signifikanten Verringerung des Schädlingsbefalls. Während die Populationen von Mamestra brassicae und Evergestis forficalis stark zurückgingen, blieb die von Pieris rapae unbeeinflusst. Eine Abnahme von Brevicoryne brassicae konnte nur in Parzellen mit hohen Spergula‐Dichten festgestellt werden. Die Abundanz der Raupen sowie die Beschädigungsintensität durch diese, zeigten eine Abhängigkeit von der Untersaatdichte. Die Regressionsgerade Untersaatdichte zur Effektivität erlaubt einen Vergleich verschiedener Spergula‐Dichten mit anderen Methoden, die das Schädlingspotential reduzieren.
To cite this version:Hanny Den Ouden, Leo Noordman, Jacques Terken. Prosodic realizations of global and local structure and rhetorical relations in read aloud news reports. Speech Communication, Elsevier : North-Holland, 2008, 51 (2) The aim of this research is to study effects of global and local structure of texts and of rhetorical relations between sentences on the prosodic realization of sentences in read aloud text. Twenty texts were analysed using Rhetorical Structure Theory. Based on these analyses, the global structure in terms of hierarchical level, the local structure in terms of the relative importance of text segments and the rhetorical relations between text segments were identified. The texts were read aloud. Pause durations preceding segments, F0-maxima and articulation rates of the segments were measured. It was found that speakers give prosodic indications about hierarchical level by means of variations in pause durations and pitch range: the higher the segments are connected in the text structure, the longer the preceding pauses and the higher the F0-maxima are realized. Also, it was found that speakers articulate important segments more slowly than unimportant segments, and that they read aloud causally related segments with shorter in-between pauses and at faster rate than non-causally related segments. We conclude that variation in pause duration and F0-maximum is a robust means for speakers to express the global structure of texts, although this does not apply to all speakers. Speakers also vary pause duration and articulation rate to indicate importance of sentences and meaning relations between sentences.
The speed of development and food consumption of four lepidopterous pest species of cabbage crops were determined, namely Mamestra brassicae L. (Noctuidae), Pieris rapae L., Pieris brassicae L. (Pieridae) and Evergestis forficalis L. (Pyralidae). The relative feeding capacity of these species as a variable in yield loss equations in crop loss assessment was established and discussed. Zusammenfassung Frasskapazität von Raupen an Kohl, ein Faktor im Bewertung von Ertragsverlust Für die vier Kohlschädlinge (Lepidoptera: Mamestra brassicae, Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae und Evergestis forficalis) wurden Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit und Fraßmenge ermittelt. Die relative Fraßkapazität dieser Arten wird als Variable in Ertragsverlustgleichungen verwendet und deren Nutzanwendung diskutiert.
IN THE NETHERLANDS, most universities have a Faculty of Humanities that offers several bachelor's and master's programmes in the field of communication and information sciences. Each of these programmes outnumbers the classical studies such as linguistics, history, and philosophy, in terms of students that is, not in terms of teaching staff. The high student-staff ratio in the communication programmes necessitates a careful investment of teaching resources. Here we report on some recent developments within our institutes. The Need for Team TeachingA teacher has two challenges when facing a large group of 50 to over 300 students: to instill an active attitude toward learning and an academic attitude toward knowledge. The first challenge is addressed in all our courses by fostering the students' repertoire for self-directed learning. Much of this goal is realized by the students themselves:
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