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We tested the hypothesis that CO 2 supersaturation along the aquatic conduit over Sweden can be explained by processes other than aquatic respiration. A first generalized-additive model (GAM) analysis evaluating the relationships between single water chemistry variables and pCO 2 in lakes and streams revealed that water chemistry variables typical for groundwater input, e.g., dissolved silicate (DSi) and Mg 2 1 had explanatory power similar to total organic carbon (TOC). Further GAM analyses on various lake size classes and stream orders corroborated the slightly higher explanatory power for DSi in lakes and Mg 2 1 for streams compared with TOC. Both DSi and TOC explained 22-46% of the pCO 2 variability in various lake classes (0.01-4100 km 2 ) and Mg 2 1 and TOC explained 11-41% of the pCO 2 variability in the various stream orders. This suggests that aquatic pCO 2 has a strong groundwater signature. Terrestrial respiration is a significant source of the observed supersaturation and we may assume that both terrestrial respiration and aquatic respiration contributed equally to pCO 2 efflux. pCO 2 and TOC concentrations decreased with lake size suggesting that the longer water residence time allow greater equilibration of CO 2 with the atmosphere and inlake mineralization of TOC. For streams, we observed a decreasing trend in pCO 2 with stream orders between 3 and 6. We calculated the total CO 2 efflux from all Swedish lakes and streams to be 2.58 Tg C yr À1 . Our analyses also demonstrated that 0.70 Tg C yr À1 are exported to the ocean by Swedish watersheds as HCO 3 À and CO 3 2À of which about 0.56 Tg C yr À1 is also a residual from terrestrial respiration and constitute a long-term sink for atmospheric CO 2 . Taking all dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) fluxes along the aquatic conduit into account will lower the estimated net ecosystem C exchange (NEE) by 2.02 Tg C yr À1 , which corresponds to 10% of the NEE in Sweden.

Abstract. The advanced energetic particle spectrometer RAPID on board Cluster can provide a complete description of the relevant particle parameters velocity, V , and atomic mass, A, over an energy range from 30 keV up to 1.5 MeV. We present the first measurements taken by RAPID during the commissioning and the early operating phases. The orbit on 14 January 2001, when Cluster was travelling from a perigee near dawn northward across the pole towards an apogee in the solar wind, is used to demonstrate the capabilities of RAPID in investigating a wide variety of particle populations. RAPID, with its unique capability of measuring the complete angular distribution of energetic particles, allows for the simultaneous measurements of local density gradients, as reflected in the anisotropies of 90 • particles and the remote sensing of changes in the distant field line topology, as manifested in the variations of loss cone properties. A detailed discussion of angle-angle plots shows considerable differences in the structure of the boundaries between the open and closed field lines on the nightside fraction of the pass and the magnetopause crossing. The 3 March 2001 encounter of Cluster with an FTE just outside the magnetosphere is used to show the first structural plasma investigations of an FTE by energetic multi-spacecraft observations.Correspondence to: U. Mall (mall@linmpi.mpg.de) Key words. Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles, trapped; magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetosheath) The instrumentThe RAPID spectrometer (Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors), described in detail by Wilken et al. (1995), is an advanced particle detector for the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from 20-400 keV for electrons, 30 keV-1500 keV for hydrogen, and 10 keV/nucleon-1500 keV for heavier ions. Innovative detector concepts, in combination with pinhole acceptance, allow for the measurement of angular distributions over a range of 180 • in the polar angle for electrons and ions. Identification of the ion species is based on a two-dimensional analysis of the particle's velocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well-known energy-range relationship. Table 1 list the main parameters of the RAPID instrument.The energy signals in RAPID are analyzed in 8 bit ADCs. With a mapping process the 256 channels are reduced to 8 channels in the case of the ion sensor and into 9 channels in the case of the electron sensor. The resulting energy channel limits are listed in Table 2.

This report reviews the first results on the ionospheric ion outflow in the Martian magnetosphere by the ion composition experiment ASPERA on Phobos‐2. The measurements show that Mars is characterized by a strong loss of plasma from its topside ionosphere. This loss results from both ion pick‐up due to mass‐loading of the solar wind in the Martian boundary layer and an acceleration mechanism, quite similar to that observed above the Earth's auroral oval, providing intense ionospheric O+ beams of energies up to several keV. A preliminary estimate of the ionospheric outflow from Mars indicates that the planet at present is losing oxygen at a rate of ≈3·1025 ions/s. This corresponds to an evacuation of its present total atmospheric oxygen content (contained in CO2 and O2) in less than 100 million years.

The Ion Composition Analyzer (ICA) is part of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC). ICA is designed to measure the three-dimensional distribution function of positive ions in order to study the interaction between the solar wind and cometary particles. The instrument has a mass resolution high enough to resolve the major species such as protons, helium, oxygen, molecular ions, and heavy ions characteristic of dusty plasma regions. ICA consists of an electrostatic acceptance angle filter, an electrostatic energy filter, and a magnetic momentum filter. Particles are detected using large diameter (100 mm) microchannel plates and a two-dimensional anode system. ICA has its own processor for data reduction/compression and formatting. The energy range of the instrument is from 25 eV to 40 keV and an angular field-of-view of 360 • × 90 • is achieved through electrostatic deflection of incoming particles.

Lead poisoning of animals due to ingestion of fragments from lead-based ammunition in carcasses and offal of shot wildlife is acknowledged globally and raises great concerns about potential behavioral effects leading to increased mortality risks. Lead levels in blood were correlated with progress of the moose hunting season. Based on analyses of tracking data, we found that even sublethal lead concentrations in blood (25 ppb, wet weight), can likely negatively affect movement behavior (flight height and movement rate) of free-ranging scavenging Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Lead levels in liver of recovered post-mortem analyzed eagles suggested that sublethal exposure increases the risk of mortality in eagles. Such adverse effects on animals are probably common worldwide and across species, where game hunting with lead-based ammunition is widespread. Our study highlights lead exposure as a considerably more serious threat to wildlife conservation than previously realized and suggests implementation of bans of lead ammunition for hunting.

Concentrations of mercury (Hg) have increased slowly in landlocked Arctic char over a 10- to 15-year period in the Arctic. Fluxes of Hg to sediments also show increases in most Arctic lakes. Correlation of Hg with trophic level (TL) was used to investigate and compare biomagnification of Hg in food webs from lakes in the Canadian Arctic sampled from 2002 to 2007. Concentrations of Hg (total Hg and methylmercury [MeHg]) in food webs were compared across longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in relation to delta(13)C and delta(15)N in periphyton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and Arctic char of varying size-classes. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the food web in each lake and related to available physical and chemical characteristics of the lakes. The relative content of MeHg increased with trophic level from 4.3 to 12.2% in periphyton, 41 to 79% in zooplankton, 59 to 72% in insects, and 74 to 100% in juvenile and adult char. The delta(13)C signatures of adult char indicated coupling with benthic invertebrates. Cannibalism among char lengthened the food chain. Biomagnification was confirmed in all 18 lakes, with TMFs ranging from 3.5 +/- 1.1 to 64.3 +/- 0.8. Results indicate that TMFs and food chain length (FCL) are key factors in explaining interlake variability in biomagnification of [Hg] among different lakes.

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