Thle effects of 10-month stay at high altitude (HA) on body composition of Indian soldiers of mix~ ethnic origins with special reference to body musculature were investigated. Body density was regrl15sed from skinfold thicknesses and girth measurements. Bone mineral was estimated from body width and stature. Muscle X-ray shadow areas at upperarm and forearm and stature were correlated with body massl and a regression equation was constructed. Analysis of data indicated that muscle mass degradqd at HA. In soldiers of group I (height: 4100 m), 1.74 kg muscle mass degraded to generate 1.31 kg water. In $oldiers of group 2 (height: 3750 m), 1.38 kg muscle mass was degraded to generate 1.04 kg water. decrease in body m~ss accounted for the loss in body fat during approach march at high altitude (HA), but during r~sidence at 5400 m, fat accounted for only 27.2 per cent of the body mass loss. These aut~ors concluded that muscle catabolism and malabsorption contributed significantly to body mass loss at HA. Rose7, f:!t al. subjected men to simulated hypoxia of Mt. Everest and observed "significant reduction in the muscle X-ray shadow areas of thigh and upperarm and a significant loss in the mean pody mass evaluated by the densitometric technique.The above studies indicate that skeletal muscle may be subjected to degradation at HA, specially when individuals make strenuous physical effort and the loss in body mass may be partly due to the loss ill mllscle mllss. Rllt these stlldies were I.:UI;llll~tCJ lJil tllc :i,uJullrll~rs U1IJ 111~lIlltuil1ers whose stay ~t HA was short. Therefore, t\le present study I.INTRODUCTIpN, Significant shifts in prot-rins from muscle-tonon-muscle fracti6n without any change in total body proteins were noted by Surksl, et al. in subjects abruptly exposed to an altitude of 4300 m fc;>r two weeks. The observed body mass loss was attributed to the loss in body fat only. Consalazio2, et al. observed negative hitrogen and water balance in their subjects after four week exposure to 4300 m. Krzywicki3, et al. ,al~o reported losses in body fat, protein, w~ter and minerals in the subjects exposed to the sa.me altitude for two weeks. Rennie4, et al. repo~ted increased excretion of proteins in the urine of native high landers with pormal creatinine clearance.lProtein'uria was also found in climbers undergoing acclimatisation. Piness reported proteinuria above 3000 m tho1!1gh this was not provoked in the strenuous and exhausting part or the trip below 3000 In. The study was carried out on 21 young and healthy male volunteers from the Indian Army. They were ofmixed ethnic origins ranging between 18-30 years. In the control stpdy carried out in plains (Delhi: height above sea level 220 m). Each soldier was given a diet which consisted of 15.7.\ MJ (3750 cal), 119 9 protein, 598 9 carbohyorate and 98 9 fat per day. On completion of this study, the soldiers were divided into two groups. Group I proceeded to HA destination !ocated at 4100 m and group 2 to a destination at 3700 m above the sea level. A...
Skinfold thickness, body weight, body water, anthropometric measurements and segment volumes were determined in 28 young and healthy Indian soldiers on return to Delhi (200 m) after staying for more than 24 months at high altitude (3500 m). The measurements were made on the 2nd day and after 3 weeks. Ten subjects were then randomly selected from this group and returned by air to the high-altitude station, and the measurements were repeated on the 3rd and 12th day of their reinduction. Though body weight and total body water increased marginally on transfer to the lower altitude, body density remained more or less unchanged. There were significant increases in the thickness of skinfolds, even when body density had increased. During this period hand and foot volumes decreased significantly. Despite significant increases in thoracic skinfold thickness, the torso volume decreased slightly. On returning to high altitude, the soldiers lost body weight, were hypohydrated and showed reduced skinfold thickness. Fat losses calculated on the basis of reduction in skinfold thickness were far in excess of those calculated from losses in body weight and in total body water. As the reduced skinfold thickness was unrelated to changes in body water content at high altitude, it seems that such reductions are due to redistribution of blood in the skin. From the results of these investigations it is concluded that variations in skinfold thickness during acclimatisation to high altitude do not accurately represent the changes in body fat content.
Using densitometric, hydrometric and anthropometric techniques, body fat, tissue solids, water and mineral content were quantitatively measured on two groups each of 26 young and healthy Indian soldiers of mixed ethnic composition. The experimental group was exposed to 3500 m altitude for 2 years and the experiments were carried out after 48 h and 3 weeks rehabilitation in Delhi (300 m). The control group was never exposed to high altidues. Inspite of the experimental group being fed with superior rations at high altitude, this group showed significantly hyperhydrated lean body with reduced tissue solids in comparison to the control group which was fed with identical rations in Delhi. The calculated mean density of the fat free body had declined to 0.092 x 10(3) kg/m3. The 3 week stay at low altitude had little influence on body composition. Hyper-hydration, with reduced tissue solids, would cause reduction in the density of fat free body, and would thus interfere with the estimates of total body fat based on densitometric procedures alone. In the hyperhydrated state, Siri's formula overestimated fat by 22.8% of the true value.
Abstract. The paper describes how anthropometric data obtained on 4400 IndianArmy personnel was utilized in evolving size rolls for the trousers and shirts. A bivariate frequency distribution of abdominal circumference and abdominal height indicated that the data could be grouped into 14 sizes and such grouping could provide good fitting trousers to 92.52 percent of the troops. For shirts, the bivariate frequency distribution of chest circumference and arm length grouped army personnel again into 14 sizes. Such grouping encompassed 84.22 percent of the personnel studied. An extra large size has been provided for those not covered by these 14 size. In this study, 95 army officers' clothing measurements essential for their good fitting trousers and shirts were taken along with the relevant body measurements. A stepwise linear regression analysis was also carried out to predict clothing measurements from body measurements. These regression equations were used to work out the dimensions of the trousers and shirts for different sizes from the classified anthropometric data.
Body density was experimentally determined at a field location at 3,920 m on 32 medically fit and active high altitude native males using a water displacement technique. Stature, body weight and the bony widths at the elbow, wrist, knee, and ankles; and thickness of skin folds at eight sites were measured. Based on body density and bony widths, body fat, total body water (TBW), mineral mass and total cell solids (TCS) were calculated. Similar measurements were made on another group of 16 high altitude natives after one months stay in Dehli (200 m). TBW of 11 of these subjects was experimentally determined by the oral administration of 200 muCi of tritiated water. This group of subjects was physically less active in Delhi. At high altitude the natives consumed a balanced diet which provided 20.21 MJ, but in the plains the diet provided only 15.69 MJ though it was nutritionally balanced. In spite of the reduced calorie intake this group showed greater fat content in Delhi than the group located at high altitude. These men were also hyperhydrated. Hyperhydration of the lean body could be an adaptive response of the high altitude natives to the new environment. Due to the disturbed state of hydration of the lean body of these men in the plains, use of Siri's formula for the computation of total body fat is questioned.
Body volume and 35 anthropometric measurements were obtained from 88 active soldiers using standard techniques. These anthropometric measurements were examined for their possible relationships to body volume using stepwise linear regression analysis. Four measurements (Body weight, anterior thigh skinfold thickness, subscapular skinfold thickness and suprailiac skinfold thickness) accounted for 99.7% of the variation in body volume and the introduction of each of these measurements in the equation was significant. The regression equation for predicting body volume from these 4 anthropometric measurements had a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.9987 (P less than 0.001). Body weight alone was correlated with body volume to the extent of 0.9966. An attempt has therefore been made to develop a multiple linear regression equation without incorporation of body weight in the regression analysis. Nine measurements were selected by stepwise linear regression analysis for predicting body volume. These nine measurements accounted for 97.1% of the variation in body volume. These equations have been validated on another small sample of 22 soldiers. The analysis has also revealed that a direct regression of body density from the anthropometric variables gives more accurate results than when estimated body volumes are utilized for calculating body density.
Body density and other anthropometric data were obtained on 101 Indian soldiers who were continously staying at high altitude (3920 m) for more than 10 months. Use was made of a human body volumeter, and body density was calculated from observed body weight and volume. Measurements were taken on the body using standard techniques. A stepwise linear regression analysis was performed to establish possible relationships of 36 body measurements with density and lean body weight. Thigh anterior, juxta-nipple skin folds and forearm and ankle circumference were selected in the regression equation predicting body density. Multiple correlation coefficient (R) equal to 0.765 was obtained for this equation. For the predicted lean body weight, R equalled 0.930. The regression equations included body weight, thigh, anterior and juxta-nipple skin fold thicknesses, and forearm circumference. Contribution of other body measurements in the regression of these parameters was not significant. The analysis also revealed that a new set of coefficients is required for the measurements included in the published regression equations.
Body density, stature, body weight and skinfold thicknesses at 11 sites were experimentally measured on two groups of high altitude natives (HAN) of Ladakh. Group 1, consisting of 31 young volunteers was studied at an altitude of 3658 m and Group 2, consisting of 38 similar volunteers was studied after 4-week stay at Delhi(altitude, 200 m ). Although, there was a strong relationship between skinfolds, other anthropometric measurements and body density (R=O.898) at high altitude (HA), this relationship was significantly reduced at Delhi (R=O.642). Appropriate regression equations predicting body density from skinfold thicknesses, stature and body weight are given for HAN at both the locations. It is; concluded that hyperhydration of the lean body and the adipose tissue may be responsible for the weakening of the multiple Rs on de-acclimatisation to low altitude.
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