Field experiment was conducted along two successive seasons of winter (2004/2005) and summer (2005) at Maryout Experimental Station of the Desert Research Center, to evaluate the performance of alternate-long furrow irrigation system, using three irrigation water inflow rates on faba bean and sunflower crops productivity grown in calcareous soil. The experiments carried out in a split plot design with four replicates at random procedure. Irrigation system treatments were used as the main plots (120 m length with longitudinal soil surface slope 0.25%) namely: every long-furrow irrigation (EFI), and alternate long-furrow irrigation (AFI). Three different water inflow rates designated as Q1, Q2, and Q3 represented the sub plots: 105, 90, and 65 lpm/furrow, respectively. The irrigation performance was evaluated through application efficiency (AE%) and distribution uniformity (DU) parameters. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was estimated, which is related to water management by different treatments. The obtained results indicated that application of AFI led to high significant interrelations between the values of seed yield and increases in AE% and DU values compared with EFI treatments. The highest mean DU values in 1 st. and 2 nd. seasons were 0.85 and 0.83 obtained by Q2 and Q1 treatments, respectively. Both faba and sunflower seed yield had significant increases with increasing the inflow rates under both studied irrigation systems. The highest yield mean value, with faba bean season, was 1046.5 kg/fed., while with sunflower season; it was 659.95 kg/fed. obtained by (AFI+Q1) treatment. The highest IWUE mean value, with faba bean season, was 0.83 kg/m 3 , while with sunflower season; it was 0.27 kg/m 3. obtained by (AFI+Q3) treatment.
Accuracy of water application allows reducing average irrigation rate to a level that coincides with soil's hydraulic conductivity and minimizes percolation below the main root zone. Field experiment was conducted to confirm the efficiency of this approach, in a calcareous sandy clay loam soil. The source of irrigation water was ground shallow well. The treatments consisted of three irrigation systems (surface drip (T0) and subsurface drip (T15 and T30), and three levels of irrigation water application at 100, 80 and 60% of crop water requirements (T, 0.8T and 0.6T, respectively). 16 mm drip lines with 0.33-m GR emitter spacing were placed on the furrow ridge surface in the middle of alternative plant rows. Laterals with the same characteristics were buried at two depths (15 and 30 cm) in the subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The obtained results indicated that the performance of the irrigation system was good throughout the cropping season. Values of statistical uniformity (SU) and distribution uniformity (DU) were 94.8% and 0.93, respectively. The moisture distribution in the soil monitored along plant growth stages indicated that SDI plots produced wider wetted patterns. Under scarce water, (0.8 T and 0.6T) the results demonstrated that SDI exceeded the surface drip irrigation in terms of potato yield and (IWUE). Maximum average yield (12.63 Mg/fed.) was recorded with subsurface drip line buried at 15 cm depth (T15). The overall average yield of potato in the surface drip laterals (T0) declined by 26.9 and 25.1 % compared with SDI (T15) and (T30), respectively. As the applied water decreased from 2209 to 1496.5 m 3 /fed. by using SDI, the average values of IWUE under SDI were higher than those obtained by surface drip irrigation at any level of applied irrigation water treatments. Thus, in the case of saving 20% of irrigation water, (0.8T15), the highest IWUE value (8.913 kg/m 3) was obtained. Meanwhile, the lowest value of IWUE (4.178 kg/m 3) was obtained by surface drip irrigation with 100% water application amount level, (T0). This lowest value of IWUE may be reached to 50.5 and 51.7% compared with (T15) and (T30), respectively. In the same time, there was no significant effect for the level of water application on IWUE at (T), (0.8T) or (0.6T) treatments.
A field experiment was carried out, at El-Tina Plain, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during the two summer growing seasons 2014 and 2015. This work was conducted to study the effect of improved management package (IMP) using two surface irrigation methods as flow management (continuous and surge flow) IMPC and IMPS, respectively, and three foliar applications by urea treatments (0, 1.0, and 2.0% N) f1, f2 and f3, respectively, on some growth characters and forage yield of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br). Obtained results showed that the growth characters and forage yield of pearl millet, i.e. plant height, the number of tillers m -2 , and totally fresh and dry weight yield increased significantly by IMP, produced the highest significant values of the most growth characters and the totally fresh and dry forage weight. Meantime, the growth traits and forage dry yield were significantly affected by using 2% of urea foliar application (f3) treatment which produced the highest values of plant height, tillers m -2 , and total fresh and dry weights ha -1 compared to short furrows (TMPsf). Water-saving is greatly enhanced by using the surge flow technique of irrigation water management (IMPS). The highest mean value of the irrigation water use efficiency by total fresh forage yield (IWUEf) obtained 13.26 kg m -3 by IMPSf3 treatment, while by total dry yield (IWUEd) obtained 2.81 kg m -3 by IMPSf2 treatment.
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