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Toxoplasmosis is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Detection of T. gondii infection with touchy and particular strategies is a key advance to control and prevent toxoplasmosis. Genotyping can explain the virulence, epidemiology and setting up new methodologies for diagnosis and control in human and animals. The point of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of T. gondii in sheep and goat in Egypt and to comprehend the genetic variety of T. gondii isolates circling in Egypt. Blood samples were gathered from 113 ewes and 95 she-goats from three Egyptian governorates (Cairo, Giza and Al-Sharkia). Also blood and tissue samples were gathered from 193 sheep and 51 goats from Cairo and Giza abattoirs. All samples were assayed serologically utilizing ELISA and OnSite Toxo IgG/IgM Rapid test cassettes (OTRT) tests and the tissue samples of the seropositive animals were digested and microscopically examined then bio-assayed in mice as viability test. All the T. gondii isolates undergo molecular identification using PCR and genotyped utilizing nPCR/RFLP analysis of SAG2 gene. The total seropositivity of live sheep and goat was 47.15 and 39.2% utilizing ELISA and OTRT respectively. Concerning abattoirs, seropositivity, positive microscopic examination, mice viability from sheep samples were 47.1%, 37.3% and 44.1% respectively while that of goats were 45.5%, 33.3% and 48.6% respectively. Eighteen T. gondii isolates were affirmed utilizing PCR. Genotyping confirmed 10 isolates (55.5%) as type II, 6 (33.3%) as type III and 2 (11.1%) as atypical genotypes. Type II and III are the genotypes mostly circling among small ruminants in Egypt and this is most significance for the public health in Egypt.

HIS WORK aimed to search for single nucleotide polymorphisms of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene in Egyptian buffalo which involved in endocrine control of fertility. An ultrasonographic examinations of anestrum and repeat breeders' buffaloes were performed prior to blood sampling through a transrectal ultrasonography. DNA was extracted from blood and the PCR and singlestrand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) techniques were adopted to study of GnRHR gene polymorphism. The PCR amplified a fragment with 240-bp in size and the SSCP results showed that there is a genetic polymorphism with three different patterns (AA, BB and CC) in Egyptian buffalo. The CC genotype was associated with smooth inactive ovary, while BB genotype was associated with fertility in buffalo. Multiple sequence alignment of the three patterns sequences revealed that GnRHR had 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms including one nucleotide insertion, one nucleotide deletion and 3 nucleotide substitutions. Insertion was at position 4 in pattern III. The deletion was at position 189 in pattern III, while the 3 nucleotide substitutions were at positions 204 (T/G), 206 (T/A) and 207 (A/T). In conclusion, GnRHR gene could be used as a candidate marker for fertility in Egyptian buffaloes with its mutation is related to ovarian inactivity.

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