This study is the first to show that increased mitochondrial activities improved the antiaging effects of Aloe vera leaf skin fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum on UVb-irradiated skin fibroblasts. The fermented extract (AF) increased the activities of mitochondrial reductase and the complex II and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, even under UVb stress conditions, and also increased DPPH free radical scavenging activities compared with the hot water extract of outer layers of aloe leaf (AW) and quercetin itself. AF exerted a synergistic effect with quercetin and bioactive substances derived from the fermentation process. Moreover, mitochondrial activation of UVb-irradiated human skin fibroblasts by 0.3% (w/v) of the AF plays important roles in increasing collagen production up to 125 ± 5.45% and decreasing MMP-1 secretion down to 69.41 ± 2.63% of the control levels. The AF enhanced the upregulation of collagen gene expression, and this change was also greater than those induced by the AW and quercetin. Therefore, this study concludes that fermentation of the skin of aloe leaves increases the activation of mitochondria and inhibits the photo-aging of UVb-irradiated skin fibroblasts.
An adult male Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra) with ataxia and lethargy was rescued. Through the necropsy of this otter with neurological symptoms, a broad range of vascular damage caused by mercury toxicity in several organs, hepatocellular necrosis, and vacuolation in the brain. In mercury examination, liver, kidney, and hair showed values of 0.878 ± 0.027, 1.807 ± 0.049, and 5.712 ± 0.102 μg/g, respectively. Compared with certified reference material, it was confirmed that the concentration of mercury were 6.7 times, 13.7 times, and 43.3 times higher, respectively. When the symptoms and diagnosis results were comprehensively reviewed, this otter's demise was revealed due to mercury poisoning. The mercury concentration in the liver does not exceed the lowest observed effect level of 3.4 μg/g. However, even at low concentrations, long-term accumulation can cause symptoms including neuropathy, and the possibility that these heavy metals have accumulated in other wild animals cannot be ruled out. It seems that continuous monitoring using sentinel animals is necessary.
The current study examined the impact of fermented barley sprout extract prepared using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus sp.) in decreasing odor and increasing livestock productivity and measured the difference in the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract after fermentation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of fermented barley sprout extract was evaluated through order level and production index of livestock by supplying it to a broiler house. The results showed that with fermented barley sprout extract, the polyphenol and flavonoid contents were increased significantly by 174% and 562%, respectively. When the extract was applied as an additive to drinking water in the test farm, the productivity improved by about 10%, the mortality rate was reduced by about 66%, and there was a significant decrease in odor by about 80%. Compared with the control group, the production index increased by about 21%, the feed requirement decreased by about 8%, the odor showed a decrease in the NH 3 level, and no other gas was detected. It was observed that lactic acid bacteria settle in the intestine, suppress the proliferation of bacteria that cause diarrhea and enteritis, and help digestion. The lactic acid bacteria effectively remove bad odor gases such as NH 3 , Amines, H 2 S and CH 4 S. Such odor reduction improves productivity. Our findings provide valuable information for quality water supply, production optimization and livestock management.
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