Hypertension is a major public health problem and important area of research due to its high prevalence and being major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other complications. Objectives. (1) To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors and (2) to estimate awareness, treatment, and adequacy of control of hypertension among study subjects. Methods and Materials. A community based cross-sectional study with multistage sampling design was conducted among urban population of Varanasi. A modified WHO STEPS interview schedule on 640 study subjects aged 25–64 years was used. Results. The prevalence of hypertension was 32.9% (male: 40.9%, female: 26.0%). Mean systolic and diastolic BP were 124.25 ± 15.05 mmHg and 83.45 ± 9.49 mmHg, respectively. Higher odds of being hypertensive were found in male subjects, eldest age group, married subjects, subjects of upper socioeconomic status, illiterate subjects, and retired subjects. Tobacco and alcohol consumption, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity were also associated with hypertension. Out of the total hypertensive 211 subjects, only 81 (38.4%) were aware about their hypertension status; out of those, 57 (70.4%) were seeking treatment and 20 (35.08%) had their blood pressure adequately controlled. Conclusion. Around one-third of the subjects were hypertensive and half of the study subjects were prehypertensive in this area. The awareness, treatment, and control of high blood pressure were also very low.

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BackgroundBehavior Change Communications (BCC) play a decisive role in modifying socio-cultural norms affecting the perception and nutritional practices during pregnancy.ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of ‘Trials of Improved Practices’ (TIPs) on dietary and iron-folate intake during pregnancy.DesignCommunity based quasi experimental study with a control groupSettingFour villages of Chiraigaon Community Development Block of Varanasi, India from May 2010 and recruited from August 2010. End line assessment, after 12 weeks of intervention, was completed in April 2011.ParticipantsPregnant women in 13–28 weeks of gestationInterventionTIPs was implemented in addition to ongoing essential obstetric care services in two villages through 3 home (assessment, negotiation and evaluation) visits and only assessment and evaluation visits in the other two control villages. Interpersonal communication, endorsing the active participation of family members and home based reminder materials were the TIPs based strategies. The effect of TIPs was assessed by comparing key outcome variables at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention.Outcome MeasuresHemoglobin%, anemia prevalence, weight gain, compliance for iron-folate supplementation and dietary intake of calorie, protein, calcium and iron.ResultsA total of 86 participants completed the study. At the end, mean hemoglobin levels were 11.5±1.24 g/dl and 10.37±1.38 g/dl in the TIPs and control groups, respectively. The prevalence of anemia reduced by half in TIPs group and increased by 2.4% in the control group. Weight gain (grams/week) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in TIPs group (326.9±91.8 vs. 244.6±97.4). More than 85% of the PW in TIPs group were compliant for Iron-folate and only 38% were compliant among controls. The mean intake of protein increased by 1.78gm in intervention group and decreased by 1.81 gm in controls (p<0.05). More than two thirds of PW in TIPs group were taking one extra meal and only one third of controls were doing the same.ConclusionTIPs found to be an effective approach to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women in the study area. TIPs strategy could be further explored on larger sample representing different socio-cultural and geographical areas.Trial RegistrationClinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2015/02/005517

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The efficacy of phenytoin (PHT), buprenorphine (Bu), and Bu+PHT for the relief of cancer pain of various etiologies was evaluated in a randomized, double-blind study of 3 groups, each comprised of 25 patients. Treatment duration was 1 month. PHT (100 mg by mouth twice daily) provided greater than 50% pain relief to 18 patients (72%) and greater than 75% relief to 4 (16%). Bu (0.2 mg sublingually twice daily) gave 21 patients (84%) greater than 50% relief and 15 patients (60%) greater than 75% relief. Of the Bu-treated patients, 8 had major side effects, while none of the PHT-treated patients experienced significant untoward reactions. Combined therapy (PHT, 50 mg PO+Bu 0.1 mg SL twice daily) provided greater than 50% pain relief to 22 patients (88%) and greater than 75% to 18 (72%); only 3 patients experienced a significant side effect. This study suggests that phenytoin has mild-to-moderate pain-relieving properties of its own and can significantly enhance buprenorphine analgesia. By permitting a lower opioid dose, it may reduce the occurrence of opioid-related side effects. PHT's lack of serious side effects, as well as its documented anxiolytic and antidepressant actions, may add to its comparative usefulness. Further clinical trials of PHT as a coanalgesic and/or adjuvant agent in cancer pain are warranted.

Exact solutions are obtained for the anisotropic Bianchi type-I model in normal gauge for Lyra’s geometry. The physical behavior of the models is examined in vacuum and in the presence of perfect fluids.