SEASICKNESS is a serious inconvenience to many people in times of peace. In times of war, however, motion sickness in its various forms may be a very real threat to the success of operations in the air and on the sea. Army personnel are apt to be affected in very large numbers, when airborne or in landing craft, since they have little opportunity to become acclimatized, as does the sailor or the airman.The literature on motion sickness up to 1942 has been reviewed elsewhere.1 Since that time a large amount of important work has been done, but publication has been in restricted reports. It is hoped that various workers will soon write up their results for open publication.The present paper is a summary of studies carried out during the recent war by a group of workers in Montreal of which we were a part. These experiments on the mechanism of motion sickness were made at an early stage of the investigation in the hope that they might give a lead to specific therapy. Later, through urgency, all our attention was devoted to therapeutic experiments. It is probable, however, that if worth while advances are to be made in therapy more must be known of the fundamental mechanism of motion sickness. MATERIALS AND METHODSMany hundreds of human volunteers were subjected to various types of motion.The majority were naval ratings from H.M.C.S. Montreal, but University students and members of the staff of the Montreal Neurological Institute also volunteered.The device first used was designed to reproduce the wayward movements of a ship at sea.
ABSTRACT:This paper focuses on the development of full-field experimental methods for validating computational models of needle insertion, and specifically the development of suitable tissue surrogate materials. Gelatine also known as "ballistic gel" is commonly used as a tissue surrogate since the modulus of elasticity matches that of tissue. Its birefringent properties also allow the visualisation of strains in polarised light. However, other characteristics of tissue are not well emulated by gelatine, for example the fibrous network of cells of tissue is not well represented by the granular microstructure of gelatine, which tears easily. A range of birefringent flexible materials were developed and calibrated for photoelastic analysis. The most suitable were then used to explore quantitatively the different strain distributions in tissue when subjected to a range of needles with different tip profiles.
Securities fi nancing (ie repos and cash-driven securities loans) provide short-term credit against securities collateral, and offer a valuable alternative to short-term bank fi nance. These markets are an important aspect of the shadow banking system, where unregulated maturity transformation and leverage was implicated in the recent fi nancial crisis. International regulatory reform initiatives, particularly by the Financial Stability Board, are timely, generally well-targeted and welcome. Less welcome is alarmism about the substantive law basis of securities fi nancing. This discussion is intended to show those concerns to be unfounded.
This chapter talks about the Bank of England as the UK's central bank, which was established in 1694 by a Charter granted by King William III and Queen Mary II under the authority of an Act of Parliament. It explains the principal object of the Act in creating the Bank as a vehicle for raising money for the government. It also discusses how the Bank was closely associated with the raising and management of the national debt since its inception, which is a function that the Bank retained until the creation of the UK Debt Management Office (DMO) in 1998. This chapter highlights how the Bank raised money by issuing of banknotes, which became widely used as a convenient means of making large—value payments. It points out that the Bank of England notes were not formally legal tender until 1833.
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