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The performance of a new concept of hydrokinetic turbine using oscillating hydrofoils to extract energy from water currents (tidal or gravitational) is investigated using URANS numerical simulations. The numerical predictions are compared with experimental data from a 2 kW prototype, composed of two rectangular oscillating hydrofoils of aspect ratio 7 in a tandem spatial configuration. 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions are found to compare favorably with experimental data especially for the case of a single-hydrofoil turbine. The validity of approximating the actual arc-circle trajectory of each hydrofoil by an idealized vertical plunging motion is also addressed by numerical simulations. Furthermore, a sensitivity study of the turbine’s performance in relation to fluctuating operating conditions is performed by feeding the simulations with the actual time-varying experimentally recorded conditions. It is found that cycle-averaged values, as the power-extraction efficiency, are little sensitive to perturbations in the foil kinematics and upstream velocity.

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The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the Interlanguage (IL) hypothesis should be extended from (1)adult second‐language acquisition settings to (2) those non‐simultaneous child language acquisition settings where the major sociolinguistic variables is the absence of peers who are native speakers of the target language (TL). The paper first establishes the need to postulate the existence of an IL. Next, data from a Toronto French immersion program are presented which suggest that, as in adult second‐language speech, the strategies of language transfer, simplification, and overgeneralization of TL rules affect the surface forms of the second‐language speech of children in this program. Finally, the possibility is mentioned that, under the sociolinguistic conditions of (2) above, ILs will develop as dialects in their own right, an important possibility for theories of pidginization and creolization, as well as for general theories of language change.

A numerical investigation based on 2D URANS simulations is performed in order to seek an optimal spatial configuration for two oscillating foils within a hydrokinetic turbine. The objective of the study is to maximize the power extraction efficiency of the turbine. Tandem spatial configurations are considered because in such arrangement both hydrofoils are sharing the same flow window, which allows the turbine to reach higher efficiencies. The relative positioning of the downstream foil oscillating in the wake shed by the upstream hydrofoil is seen to be critical. Indeed, favorable interactions between the downstream foil and the wake vortices may lead to unexpectedly high power-extraction efficiencies (up to 64%), while unfavorable interactions may cause the downstream foil to contribute negatively to the total power extracted. A global phase shift parameter is introduced to characterize the tandem configuration. This parameter combines the inter-foil spacing and motion phase-shift into a single term. It is found useful to predict additional favorable configurations based on known results for cases with similar upstream-foil wake behavior. A comparison with experimental data is provided. Numerical predictions are seen to overpredict the power extraction performance in some cases. This is likely due to the broken 2D coherence of vortices in the 3D reality which affects the vortex-induced velocities and the subsequent foil-wake interactions.

A parametric study of vertical axis turbines of the H-Darrieus type is conducted using state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the k-ω Shear Stress Transport RANS model in its unsteady form. Although most parameters have previously been investigated individually, the effect of solidity, number of blades, tip speed ratio, Reynolds number, fixed blade pitch angle, and blade thickness on the aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine is evaluated using the same performance evaluation set-up in order to determine what would be the best aerodynamic configuration and operation parameter in a given application. The quantitative impact of 3D effects associated with the blade aspect ratio and the use of end-plates is also investigated. For high-Reynolds applications, optimal radius-based solidity is found to be around σ=0.2, while higher solidities show a lower maximum efficiency than what was previously published using simpler streamtube based methods. In 3D, a small blade aspect ratio (AR=7) leads to a relative efficiency drop of nearly 60% compared to the 2D prediction. Longer blades improve the 3D efficiency greatly. End-plates are found to have a positive effect on power extraction performances, as long as their size and thus their drag are limited.

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