This study was concerned with the green synthesis of gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) using the bioactive constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Helichrysum italicum (immortelle) extracts, as reducer and stabilizer agents along with the determination of their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. The AuNFs were characterized using STEM, UV–Vis, DLS, ZETA, FESEM-EDX, and FTIR techniques. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the AuNFs were evaluated by microdilution broth and microtiter plate (MTP) tests, respectively. STEM and DLS analysis confirmed the flower-like morphology of gold nanoparticle clusters of R. officinalis-AuNFs (R-AuNFs) and H. italicum-AuNFs (H-AuNFs) with a size of 20–130 nm and 15–90 nm, respectively. The MICs of R-AuNFs were found to be 40 µg/mL for E. coli and S. epidermidis and 160 µg/mL for S. aureus. The MICs of H-AuNFs against all bacterial strains were 20 µg/mL. All tested AuNFs exhibited a strong dose-dependent antibiofilm activity against the test strains, and H-AuNFs was more effective than R-AuNFs. The green synthesis of AuNFs from the rosemary and immortelle extracts can be applied as a potential agent to overcome the growth of biofilm-producing microorganisms in food industries.
Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anadolu mandalarında subklinik mastitis prevalansının ve sütte meydana getirdiği değişikliklerin belirlenmesi ile hastalığın oluşturduğu finansal kayıpların hesaplanmasıdır. Araştırmanın materyalini Kayseri'de yetiştirilen toplam 24 baş dişi Anadolu mandasına ait 96 meme lobundan elde edilen süt örnekleri oluşturmuştur. Süt örnekleri Mart 2021'de dört işletmeden temin edilmiş olup, sütlerin enfeksiyon durumu Kaliforniya Mastitis Test (CMT) ve somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, 5 manda (%20.8) ve 8 meme lobunun (%8.3) enfekte olduğu ve ortalama SHS değerinin 182500 hücre/ml olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Enfekte hayvanların süt yağının %27.4 oranında (P<0.05) ve süt veriminin %12.6 oranında azaldığı, hastalığın tedavi edilmemesi halinde bir laktasyonda 1140 TL (138 $) kayıp oluşacağı, tedavi edilmesi halinde ise bu kaybın 951.5 TL (115 $) azaltılabileceği hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Kayseri'de yetiştirilen Anadolu mandalarında subklinik mastitis prevalansının yüksek olduğu (%20.8), enfeksiyonun özellikle kalite açısından süt yağını önemli oranda azalttığı, üreticilerin hastalıklar konusunda eğitilmesi ve hijyene daha fazla dikkat etmesi gerektiği, aksi halde subklinik mastitisin işletmelerde önemli ekonomik kayıplara yol açarak karlılıklarını azalttığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
This study aimed to investigate changes in the prices of animal products (meat, milk, eggs), and feed before and during the pandemic period on a sectoral basis in Turkey. The material for the study consisted of the prices of animal products (beef, lamb and, poultry meat, eggs, and milk) and feed collected from official institutions and producer associations in the period before (December 2019-February 2020) and during (March-May 2020) the pandemic. Considering the prices of investigated animal products, there were increases at different rates in all products yaşanmıştır (%1, 57). Pandemi öncesi ve sırasında sığır eti ve piliç eti üretici fiyatları arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunurken (P<0,05), kuzu eti ve yumurta fiyatlarındaki değişiklikler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Diğer taraftan, girdi maliyetleri yönünden yaşanan değişiklikleri göstermesi bakımından yem fiyatları da incelenmiş ve %9,71-12,57 oranında arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin en önemli girdisi olan yemin pandemi döneminde özellikle kanatlı sektöründe önemli düzeyde artış (P<0,05) gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Pandemi sırasında hayvansal ürün/yem paritesindeki en fazla azalma -%10,28 ile yumurta sektöründe yaşanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, pandemi döneminde hayvansal ürün fiyatları artmış ancak girdi fiyatlarında artış daha fazla olmuştur. Ayrıca üreticilerin pandemi döneminde başta yumurta tavukçuluğu olmak üzere ürün/yem paritesi değerlerine göre daha düşük karlılıkla çalışmak zorunda kaldıkları belirlenmiştir.
Nowadays, milking process in a dairy farm is carried out with the "animal, human and machine" trio closely related to each other. Expected success in milking process is ensured by the animal's accustomedness to the milking machine, the skill and experience of the milkman, and the functional conformity of the milking machine. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of milkman on milk productivity and revenue. As study material, average milk yields obtained from 387 milking of 35 Holstein cows raised in the farm was used. The cows were milked by 6 different milkmen. Linear Mixed Models were used to determine the effect of different milkman and milkman experience on the average milk yields. In addition, the difference in milk yields due to milkman was analyzed in terms of economy. In the study, it was determined that the individual milkman and milkman experience were significant for the average milk yields. Thus, a difference of 2.3 kg was determined between 1 st milkman (the highest average milk yield; 22.6±0.46 kg), and 5 th milkman (the lowest average milk yield; 20.3±0.76 kg), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.011). This difference in the average milk yield was reflected in 80 liters of additional milk yield per day and 184 ₺ (31.9 $) additional revenue increase achieved in the farm where 35 cows were milked. This difference in income corresponds to the cost of an insured worker. Milkman experience has been split in three categories, the difference between the average milk yield obtained by the least experienced milkman and the average milk yield of the most experienced milkman was found to be statistically significant (P=0.04). This case shows that the experienced milkman income about 156 ₺ (27.03 $) more per day. In conclusion, it was determined that the milkman factor was important for the profitability of the farm in dairy cow. The experienced milkman may earn his own salary with the income increase provided for the farm, and, therefore, economically does not cost extra.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.