A single session of light or moderate aerobic exercise acutely reduces ambulatory BP in resistant hypertension, although benefits persist longer following light intensity.
Despite the increased vascular reactivity in both groups after both exercise sessions, EPCs were only influenced by exercise in controls. The unchanged number of EPCs in T1DM after exercise sessions might indicate a blunted endothelium regenerating capacity, revealing an early deterioration of the functional arterial characteristics not disclosed by only evaluating vascular functional variables.
Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cause of worldwide mortality and is responsible for approximately 40% of deaths from cardiovascular disease, chronicle kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is known that about 80% of all mortality from cardiovascular disorders could be prevented if a healthy diet and higher levels of physical activity were included among general population's lifestyle. Besides, guidelines for the treatment and control of HTN were recently modified for adequate nutritional and physical activity recommendations highlighted in meta-analysis and strong evidences such as randomized clinical trials. Therefore, to discuss nutrition and physical activity in the context of HTN seems to be crucial.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of aerobic (AER) and eccentric (ECC) exercise on glucose variability, correlating it with circulating markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in healthy subjects. Sixteen healthy subjects (32 ± 12 years old) wore a continuous glucose monitoring system for three days. Participants randomly performed single AER and ECC exercise sessions. Glucose variability was evaluated by glucose variance (VAR), glucose coefficient of variation (CV%) and glucose standard deviation (SD). Blood samples were collected to evaluate inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. When compared with the pre-exercise period of 0-6 h, all the indices of glucose variability presented comparable reductions 12-18 h after both exercises (∆AER: VAR= 151.5, ∆CV% = 0.55 and ∆SD = 3.1 and ECC: ∆VAR = 221.2 , ∆CV% = 3.7 and ∆SD = 6.5). Increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels after AER (68.5%) and ECC (30.8%) (P<0.001) were observed, with no differences between sessions (P = 0.459). Uric acid levels were increased after exercise sessions (3% in AER and 4% in ECC, P = 0.001). In conclusion, both AER and ECC exercise sessions reduced glucose variability in healthy individuals. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and stress oxidative markers might play a role in underlying mechanisms modulating the glucose variability responses to exercise (clinicalTrials.gov NCT02262208).
BackgroundCardiac remodeling is a specific response to exercise training and time
exposure. We hypothesized that athletes engaging for long periods in
high-intensity strength training show heart and/or vascular damage.ObjectiveTo compare cardiac characteristics (structure and function) and vascular
function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and peripheral vascular
resistance [PVR]) in powerlifters and long-distance
runners.MethodsWe evaluated 40 high-performance athletes (powerlifters [PG], n
= 16; runners [RG], n = 24) and assessed heart structure and
function (echocardiography), systolic and diastolic blood pressure
(SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, maximum force (squat, bench press, and deadlift), and
maximal oxygen uptake (spirometry). A Student’s t Test for independent
samples and Pearson’s linear correlation were used (p < 0.05).ResultsPG showed higher SBP/DBP (p < 0.001); greater interventricular septum
thickness (p < 0.001), posterior wall thickness (p < 0.001) and LV
mass (p < 0.001). After adjusting LV mass by body surface area (BSA), no
difference was observed. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume,
wave E, wave e’, and E/e’ ratio were similar for both groups. However, LA
volume (p = 0.016) and BSA-adjusted LA volume were lower in PG (p <
0.001). Systolic function (end-systolic volume and ejection fraction), and
FMD were similar in both groups. However, higher PVR in PG was observed (p =
0.014). We found a correlation between the main cardiovascular changes and
total weight lifted in PG.ConclusionsCardiovascular adaptations are dependent on training modality and the
borderline structural cardiac changes are not accompanied by impaired
function in powerlifters. However, a mild increase in blood pressure seems
to be related to PVR rather than endothelial function.
BackgroundEndothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and an early maker for atherosclerosis. Aerobic exercise training is known to enhance endothelial function, but little is understood about the effects of resistance or combined exercise training on endothelial function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a 12-week aerobic (AT), resistance (RT), or combined (aerobic and resistance, CT) training program on endothelial function and assess associated effects on blood pressure in individuals with SAH.Methods/designEighty-one subjects with SAH aged 18 to 70 years will be selected and randomly assigned to three types of exercise training: AT, RT or CT. The study will involve the following procedures and tests: anamnesis, anthropometric assessment, echocardiography, blood pressure measurements through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, flow-mediated dilation, ergospirometry, one repetition maximum test (1-RM), and blood collection (number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells, number of circulating endothelial microparticles, lipid profile, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine). The AT intervention will consist of a 40-min exercise session with progressive intensities ranging from 50 to 75 % of heart rate reserve. The RT intervention will consist of a 40-minute session with four sets of six to 12 repetitions with a rest period of 60 to 90 seconds between each set and each type of exercise. Weight loads will be adjusted to 60 to 80 % of 1-RM for six types of exercise. The CT intervention will consist of a 20-min aerobic exercise session, followed by an additional 20-min resistance exercise session; each resistance exercise will have two sets less to match the total training volume.DiscussionThe study results are expected evidence of cardiovascular protective effects of different types of exercise training through the modulation of endothelial function in hypertensive individuals. Knowing the magnitude of improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation for the different types of exercise training can provide scientific evidence for the prescription of exercise programs for vascular protection targeting hypertensive individuals.Trial registrationThe Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/) under RBR-9ygmdn and dated 1 March 2015.
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