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The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of cardiology, endocrinology, internal medicine, nephrology and diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is a useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high-risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations result from presentations and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming knowledge, attitude and behavioural barriers, preventing both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations.

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The views and interpretations in this document are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Inter-American Development Bank, or to any individual acting on its behalf. Terms of use: Documents inThe Research Department (RES) produces a quarterly newsletter, IDEA (Ideas for Development in the Americas), as well as working papers and books on diverse economic issues. To obtain a complete list of RES publications and read or download them, please visit our web site at: http://www.iadb.org/res 2 AbstractWe use a newly developed panel data set for Venezuela in the period between 1994 and 2002 to analyze three basic questions. The first relates to the influence of personal characteristics and previous labor market experience in the choice of different search methods. The second question addresses the effectiveness of different search methods in moving out of unemployment, controlling for personal characteristics and previous job characteristics. Finally, the third question points to the issue of former labor status by analyzing the relative weight of search method and previous job status in the determination of the likelihood of landing a job or dropping out of the labor force. We conclude that previous job status is a primary determinant of success in moving to employment, and that the use of employment agencies increases the likelihood of that move within each labor status.

The present document has been prepared by a group of experts, members of Cardiology, Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Diabetes societies of Latin American countries, to serve as a guide to physicians taking care of patients with diabetes, hypertension and comorbidities or complications of both conditions. Although the concept of metabolic syndrome is currently disputed, the higher prevalence in Latin America of that cluster of metabolic alterations has suggested that metabolic syndrome is useful nosography entity in the context of Latin American medicine. Therefore, in the present document, particular attention is paid to this syndrome in order to alert physicians on a particular high- risk population, usually underestimated and undertreated. These recommendations results from presentation and debates by discussion panels during a 2-day conference held in Bucaramanga, in October 2012, and all the participants have approved the final conclusions. The authors acknowledge that the publication and diffusion of guidelines do not suffice to achieve the recommended changes in diagnostic or therapeutic strategies, and plan suitable interventions overcoming both physicians and patients from effectively adhering to guideline recommendations.

Trials Open Access Study protocolEmail: Sandra Y Silva -sandrasilvac@gmail.com; Ligia C Rueda -ligiarueda62@gmail.com; Gustavo A Márquez -piedegus@yahoo.es; Marcos López -marcoslopez@mcw.edu; Daniel J Smith -djs5@uakron.edu; Carlos A Calderón -calderindicor@hotmail.com; Juan C Castillo -juancarcastillo@latinmail.com; Jaime Matute -matutejaime42@yahoo.com; Christian F RuedaClausen -ruedaclausen@gmail.com; Arturo Orduz -aorduz@cable.net.co; Federico A Silva -fsilva5@hotmail.com; Piyaporn Kampeerapappun -st_bernard75@hotmail.com; Mahesh Bhide -maheshswara@yahoo.com; Patricio López-Jaramillo* -jplopezj@hotmail.com * Corresponding author Abstract Background: Diabetes Mellitus constitutes one of the most important public health problems due to its high prevalence and enormous social and economic consequences. Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and constitute the most important cause of non-traumatic amputation of inferior limbs. It is estimated that 15% of the diabetic population will develop an ulcer sometime in their lives. Although novel therapies have been proposed, there is no effective treatment for this pathology. Naturally produced nitric oxide participates in the wound healing process by stimulating the synthesis of collagen, triggering the release of chemotactic cytokines, increasing blood vessels permeability, promoting angiogenic activity, stimulating the release of epidermical growth factors, and by interfering with the bacterial mitochondrial respiratory chain. Topically administered nitric oxide has demonstrated to be effective and safe for the treatment of chronic ulcers secondary to cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, due to their unstable nitric oxide release, the topical donors needed to be applied frequently, diminishing the adherence to the treatment. This difficulty has led to the development of a multilayer polymeric transdermal patch produced by electrospinning technique that guarantees a constant nitric oxide release. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this novel nitric oxide releasing wound dressing for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

Sesión 1 A la luz de recientes experiencias de acceso a los Mercados Financieros por parte de Gobiernos Sub-Nacionales: ¿Qué diseño de Marco Regulatorio sería más apropiado para evitar sobre-endeudamiento? Comando central? Compatible con incentivos? Combinación de ambos?Antecedentes E xiste una com prensible tensión entre la responsabilidad de las autoridades económ icas de los gobiernos centrales por asegurar equilibrios m acroeconóm icos (especialm ente, ante la relativa falta de incentivos para asegurar disciplina fiscal en lo s gobiernos sub-nacionales) y las aspiraciones de autonom ía en los dem ás n iveles de gobierno (en especial, para decidir autónomamente sobre las form as de financiar sus com prom isos de gasto p ú blico).-Esto genera im conflicto entre oferta de regulación (originada en el gobierno central y destinada a m inim izar riesgos de sobre-endeudam iento subnacional) y dem anda por regulación (vista com o lobby para legitim ar e l acceso de lo s gobiernos sub-nacionales a lo s m ercados financiero y , en la m edida de lo posib le, para asegurar el b en eficio de garantías públicas).La orientación regulatoria hoy vigente en m uchos países de la región tiene características propias de una estructura de com ando central.-Sin em bargo, la creciente im portancia p olítica de lo s procesos de descentralización fiscal y el hecho de que num erosos gobiernos subnacionales de la región y de Europa, ya se encuentran operando activa y exitosam ente en los m ercados de deuda, sugiere la conveniencia de repensar dicho enfoque. E sto se ve reforzado por el hecho de que: (i) la d iscu sión en curso acerca de una nueva arquitectura d el sistem a financiero internacional, destaca que e l sector privado deberá tener una m ayor y creciente responsabilidad para prevenir y resolver eventuales crisis futuras; (ii) el enfoque de com ando central que inform a e l m arco regulatorio hoy vigente en m uchos p aíses de la región, sufre im portantes y conocidas debilidades (básicam ente, asim etrías de inform ación, experiencia y m otivación, entre las autoridades reguladoras y reguladas).-ProDÓsito R evisar la experiencia reciente de acceso de gobiernos subnacionales a lo s m ercados financieros y discutir las condiciones bajo las que e l referido enfoque de com ando central podría ser com plem entado por diseños regulatorios capaces de alinear los incentivos de lo s gobiernos subnacionales (para acceder a lo s mercadbs financieros lo cales y extem os), con los objetivos perseguidos por las autoridades regulatorias del gobierno central (esto es, lim itar el 'riesgo m oral' y evitar sesgos hacia el sobre-endeudam iento provincial, estadual y/o m unicipal).- Sesión 2 Incentivos Tributarios para atraer Inversión Extranjera Directa: Experiencias Recientes y Evaluación de Diseños AlternativosAntecedentes La lE D hacia A m érica Latina y e l Caribe viene experim entando aum entos sin precedentes durante lo s 9 0 's (de p oco m enos de 10.000 m illon es de dólares en 1990 pasó a poco m as de 67.000 m illones en 1998).-Entre las...

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