Tillage modifies soil structure, which can be demonstrated by changes in the soil’s physical properties, such as penetration resistance (PR) and soil electrical resistivity (ρ). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of deep tillage strategies on three morphogenetically contrasting soil classes in the establishment of perennial crops regarding geophysical and physical-hydric properties. The experiment was conducted in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The tillage practices were evaluated in Typic Dystrustept, Rhodic Hapludult, and Rhodic Hapludox soil classes, and are described as follows: MT—plant hole; CT—furrow; SB—subsoiler; DT—rotary hoe tiller; and DT + calcium (Ca) (additional liming). Analyses of PR and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were performed during the growing season and measurements were measured in plant rows of each experimental plot. Undisturbed soil samples were collected for analysis of soil bulk density (Bd) at three soil depths (0–0.20, 0.20–0.40, and 0.40–0.60 m) with morphological evaluation of soil structure (VESS). Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) for Bd and VESS and Pearson linear correlation analysis between Bd, ρ, and PR were performed. Soil class and its intrinsic attributes have an influence on the effect of tillage. The greatest effect on soil structure occurred in the treatments DT and DT + Ca that mixed the soil to a depth of 0.60 m. The ρ showed a positive correlation with Bd and with PR, highlighting that ERT may detect changes caused by cultivation practices, although ERT lacks the accuracy of PR. The soil response to different tillage systems and their effects on soil structure were found to be dependent on the soil class.
Soybean seed infected with Colletotrichum truncatum is an important source of primary inoculum for anthracnose epidemics. Based on differences in the GAPDH gene sequences of Colletotrichum species, one pair of species-specific primers, CtruncF1/ CtruncR1, was designed to accurately detect C. truncatum in soybean seed samples. The primers amplified only a single PCR band of 211 bp from C. truncatum. SYBR Green qPCR using these primers enabled the detection of DNA of the target fungus in inoculated soybean seeds and in naturally infested seeds. The sensitivity of the method was 0.000253 ng/μL of C. truncatum DNA template, with an efficiency of 1.78 and a Ct of 30.09. These species-specific primers may be useful for certification of soybean seeds aimed at avoiding introduction of the pathogen into soybean-producing regions.
An increase in crop productivity should be linked to the effective control of production costs. Thus, the chemical and selective control of weeds is an appropriate method because it saves labor and energy, requires little manpower, and allows control throughout the crop cycle. The present study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of avocado seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of postemergence herbicide application. The experiment was carried out on avocado seeds of the cultivar Margarida in a greenhouse in the fruit sector of the Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Lavras. The experimental design was randomized block design, with four replicates and eight treatments, and each experimental plot consisted of three seedlings. The herbicides paraquat, oxyfluorfen, fomesafem, carfentrazone-ethyl, and glyphosate caused damage to avocado seedlings and should not be recommended based on the commercial dosage used. Paraquat caused the plants to die within 30 days after application. Fluazifop-p-butyl and imazethapyr proved to be the most promising for use in avocado orchards because they caused less damage to the crop.
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