-The attitudes toward people with epilepsy are influenced by the degree of knowledge of the condition. Teachers usually do not receive any formal instruction on epilepsy during their training. This study was done to access three hundred teachers knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy by answering a questionnaire in order to quantify their knowledge, attitude and practice toward epilepsy. Almost all the teachers had heard about epilepsy yet could not demonstrate discrimination among the students. Some teachers still thought that epilepsy was contagious. A few others either objected to having epileptic children in their classes or did not think that an epileptic child could achieve higher studies. The knowledge about the clinical characteristics and initial procedures to attend a person during a seizure was unsatisfactory. We conclude that schools should offer some kind of knowledge or assistance in health services and physicians must ensure that these teachers have sufficient knowledge of epilepsy. Also general public education campaigns should be encouraged in this field.KEY WORDS: epilepsy, attitude, prejudice, public awareness.Atitude e percepção sobre epilepsia entre professores de primeiro, segundo e terceiro graus RESUMO -As atitudes referentes a pacientes com epilepsia são influenciadas pelo grau de conhecimento acerca desta patologia. Os professores geralmente não recebem instruções formais a este respeito. Este estudo procurou avaliar o grau de conhecimento e atitude quanto à epilepsia em trezentos professores, os quais responderam um questionário que quantifica o conhecimento, atitude e prática. Quase todos os professores já tinham ouvido falar sobre epilepsia e não discriminavam seus alunos. Alguns ainda acreditavam em contágio e poucos professores referiram objeções à presença de alunos com epilepsia em suas classes ou achavam que uma criança com epilepsia não poderia se tornar um bom professor. O conhecimento quanto às características clínicas ou procedimentos iniciais diante de uma crise epiléptica foi insatisfatório. Os resultados evidenciam que escolas médicas e médicos devem proporcionar um melhor conhecimento sobre epilepsia aos professores e campanhas educativas públicas devem também objetivar melhor esclarecimento sobre estas questões.

RESUMO -A estenose carotídea cervical é uma das causas mais freqüentes de acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico. A endarterectomia de carótida é um tratamento eficaz para lesões estenóticas moderadas e graves, tanto sintomáticas quanto assintomáticas. A endarterectomia realizada sob anestesia local permite a monitorização neurológica do paciente durante o ato cirúrgico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as complicações cirúrgicas e acompanhar a evolução dos pacientes submetidos a endarterectomia sob anestesia local em nossa instituição, comparando os resultados com outras publicações. 104 pacientes foram submetidos a 110 procedimentos no período de abril de 1996 a maio de 2002. 64 pacientes eram sintomáticos (61,54%) e 40 assintomáticos (38,46%). Todos possuíam grau de estenose carotídea igual ou superior a 70%. Os pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O tempo de evolução variou de um a 72 meses (média: 29,5). Três pacientes apresentaram hematoma cervical necessitando drenagem cirúrgica. Dois pacientes (1,92%) tiveram acidente vascular cerebral do mesmo lado da endarterectomia no pós-operatório e outros dois durante o seguimento. Dois pacientes faleceram em decorrência da cirurgia (1,92%). Os resultados desta série, comparados com a literatura, permitem concluir que a endarterectomia é uma forma segura de tratamento para as estenoses carotídeas moderadas e graves. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: estenose carotídea, endarterectomia acidente vascular cerebral, aterosclerose. Carotid endarterectomy under regional anesthesia: follow-up of 104 patientsABSTRACT -Cervical carotid stenosis is one of the main causes of ischemic stroke. Carotid endarterectomy is a safe procedure for treatment of moderate and severe symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Regional anesthesia allows neurological evaluation of the patient during the surgery. We reviewed the results of 104 patients operated on at our institution under regional anesthesia during the period of April 1996 and May 2002. 64 patients were symptomatic (61.54%) and 40 asymptomatic (38.46%). All patients had carotid stenosis over 70%. The patients were followed from one to 72 months (Mean: 29.5). Three patients had cervical hematoma, that required surgical drainage. Two patients had minor stroke at the same side of the endarterectomy at the post-operative period and another two during the follow-up (1.92%). Two patients died due to complications related to the surgery (1.92%). Our results, compared with the literature, show that endarterectomy is a safe procedure to treat moderate or severe carotid artery stenosis.KEY WORDS: carotid artery stenosis endarterectomy, stroke atherosclerosis.O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade da população 1 . A estenose carotídea cervical moderada ou grave é causa bem estabelecida de AVC 2 . Estudos multicêntricos em pacientes sintomáticos e assintomáticos comprovam a eficácia da endarterectomia como tratamento para estenoses carotídeas moderadas e graves [3][4][5][6] . O objetivo de...

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An 89-year-old woman admitted to the Emergency Care Department with reported back pain nine days earlier that started suddenly when sitting. This subsequently evolved into progressive paraparesis (Frankel D). An MRI of the lumbosacral spine revealed an extensive lumbar epidural hematoma ( Figure). The patient underwent decompressive laminectomy of T12-L1.Spontaneous epidural hematoma is a rare disease, most often involving the thoracolumbar region, followed by the cervical region 1 . Non-traumatic causes include hypertension, coagulopathies, use of anticoagulants, arteriovenous abnormalities, tumors of the backbone and lumbar puncture. In approximately 40% of cases, the etiology cannot be determined. Typically, pain is the root of the acute onset, accompanied by neurological deficit 1,2 . References 1.Liao CC, Hsieh PC, Lin TK, Lin CL, Lo YL, Lee SC. Surgical treatment of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: a 5-year experience.

Background: Primary spinal cord tumors are rare and heterogeneous, and their prevalence varies among the studies. Few articles have evaluated the prevalence, characteristics, and histological types of spinal cord tumors in Latin American populations. This study aimed to analyze the histological types and clinical aspects of a series of consecutive patients diagnosed with primary spinal cord tumors who underwent surgical treatment in a single Brazilian institution and to compare them with the literature. Methods: This is a case series study, with retrospective analysis of all consecutive adult patients who underwent surgical treatment for primary spinal cord tumors in a single center between January 1997 and April 2021. Data analyzed included age at surgery, sex, anatomical location, histopathological diagnosis, clinical presentation, and neurological status at discharge. Results: A total of 104 patients (53 women [51.0%]; mean age, 49.0 ± 16.7 years [range, 19-87 years]) were included in the analysis. Among the tumors, 83.7% were benign, and 36.5% involved the thoracic spine; intradural extramedullary lesions comprised 52.9% of the tumors, and the most prevalent were schwannomas (26.9%) and meningiomas (18.3%). Among the patients, 55% and 50% presented with pain and motor deficit, respectively, and the deficit improvement rate was greater than the worsening rate at the immediate postoperative period and discharge. Conclusions: Our series highlights the heterogeneity of primary spinal cord tumors compared to other studies. Further large population studies are necessary to elucidate the epidemiology of this disease.