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Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is essential for a photovoltaic (PV) system in order to maximise the utilisation of solar energy. Under partially shaded conditions (PSC), PV strings with bypass diodes exhibit multiple peaks in the power-voltage (P-V) characteristics. Although various Global MPPT (GMPPT) algorithms have been proposed to address this issue, most of them cannot distinguish between PSC and uniform insolation, leading to the scan of the entire P-V curve under uniform insolation levels. This study introduces a general method to detect the occurrence of PSC in a PV string thereby dispensing the need to scan the entire PV curve under uniform insolation. Further, a simple technique is proposed to determine the GMPP with the minimum possible search space under PSC. The proposed algorithms for the detection of partial shading and GMPPT are validated experimentally.

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An adequate charging infrastructure is key to enabling high personal electric vehicle (EV) adoption rates. However, urban flooding—whose frequency and intensity are increasing due to climate change—may be an impediment. Here, we study how geographically-correlated outages due to floods impact public EV charging networks in Greater London. While we find no appreciable impact on the ability of battery EVs to serve typical urban driving behaviors, we observe disproportionate stresses on chargers both near, and surprisingly significantly farther from, the flooded regions. For instance, we find over 50% increase in charger utilization and 260% increase in the distance to the nearest available charger in parts of Greater London over 10 km away. Concerningly, the impact is most concentrated on already-stressed sections of the network, underscoring the infrastructure’s vulnerability. Finally, we develop and evaluate four strategies for city planners to enhance the flood resilience of cities’ public EV charging networks.

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