Background: Placement of indwelling ureteral stents has become routine in the management of variety of urinary tract infections. Despite the advances and technology, the ideal stent is not available yet. A double-J stent is never without potential complications which may be minor in form of hematuria, dysuria, frequency, flank and suprapubic pain to major complications such as vesicoureteric reflux, migration, malposition, encrustation, stent fracture etc. Methods: One hundred urological patients who had undergone double-J ureteral stenting attending surgery department were taken. Patients were subjected to detailed history and clinical examination and other routine investigations and symptoms of any complications were recorded starting at the time of placement of double-J ureteral stent till its removal. Results: Majority of the patients in our study had only minor complications related to double-J ureteral stenting like flank or suprapubic pain, dysuria, hematuria and urgency which were managed conservatively. Major complication like stent migration was seen only in 1 patient which was managed with removal of stent. Conclusions: At the end of study, we concluded that double-J stents have become an essential part of many endourological and open urological procedures and their use cannot be completely avoided.

The lifetime prevalence of kidney stone disease is estimated at 1% to 15% with the probability of having a stone varying according to age, gender, race and geographic location. 1 Kidney stone formation is three times more common in men and although rare before 20 years of age, the frequency increased rapidly and peaks in the age group 40 to 59 years. The mean rate of recurrence of stone is estimated to be up to 30% at 5 years, 50% at 10 years and 80% at 20 years. 2 Once recurrent, the subsequent relapse risk is raised and the interval between recurrences is shortened. The various types of urinary stones are calcium oxalate stones (60%), phosphate stones (30%), uric acid and urate stones (5-10%), cystine stones (1-3%), xanthene/ silicate/ matrix stones. 5 the various risk factors responsible for stone formation are namely: Non-dietary Family history The risk of becoming a stone former is more than 2.5 times greater in patients with a family history of stone disease. 3 Systemic disorders  Primary hyperparathyroidism  Renal tubular acidosis  Crohn's disease  Increasing body mass index (BMI)

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Background: Urothelial carcinoma is the most common invasive cancer of the urinary tract. Lately, there has been an increased incidence of urothelial neoplasia due to exposure to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic substances. Studies of involved factors led to the concept of existence of a so-called malignization terrain, which claims that individual genetic predisposition and chronic exposure to carcinogens act synergistically leading to the appearance of urothelial carcinomas of the bladder. Aim of the research was to find out the common etiological factors of bladder cancer in this part of India.Methods: The study included 100 patients of bladder carcinoma reporting to Sri Guru Ram Das Hospital, Amritsar from March 2018 to December 2019. A detailed history was taken to have the insight of various etiological factors of the disease. The data was entered in Microsoft excel spreadsheet and analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.Results: The most common blood group associated with CA UB was A +ve (39%) followed by B +ve (29%). 89% of the cases of CA UB were non-smokers predominantly attributed to type of patients coming to our tertiary care institute which are from a rural background (73%) and are mostly Sikhs (80%) and Sikhs are traditionally non-smokers. 80% were farmers by occupation who have exposure to pesticides, insecticides, weedicides and herbicides routinely.Conclusion: In our study majority of the patients turned out to be non-smokers and A +ve blood group in contrast to the strong predilection of smoking and bladder cancer.

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