The method for detection and classification of defects in Printed circuit boards using image subtraction has been presented in this paper. Image subtraction method is one of the simplest methods for the inspection of the PCB defects. The defects like missing hole, over and under etching, wrong hole size defects, missing conductor and break lines have been detected and classified in this paper.
In this paper, Optical Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed Systems (DWDM) employing Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) are investigated with the main emphasis on the fiber nonlinearities like Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and Four Wave Mixing (FWM). Analysis has been carried out for the calculation of the bit-error-rate (BER) considering receiver noise as well. The dependence of BER on system parameters such as system length, inter-amplifier separation and inter-channel separation has been shown graphically.
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