IP pretreatment reduces lipid peroxidation and lung injury caused by lower limb IR.
Th is study aims to investigate the eff ect of lower extremity (LE) injuries on bilateral hamstring eccentric strength imbalance (HSI) and to determine the relationship between body weight (BW) and HSI in young male soccer players. Eighty-eight young soccer players aged 14-19 in Turkey voluntarily participated in this study. Eccentric hamstring strength measurements were taken using a NordBord® Hamstring Testing Device. To obtain the LE backgrounds of the participants, individual interviews were administered to the players, and the obtained data were verifi ed through a review of previous injury records. While 22 (25%) out of 88 players reported LE injuries in the previous two years (injured players (IP)), the rest of them (75%) did not report any LE injuries (non-injured players (NP)). HSI values as peak forces were computed by extracting the weaker leg values from the stronger leg values. Both the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) were performed, controlling the BW eff ect in order to test the eff ects of LE injuries on HSI. Correlation analysis was also conducted, taking into consideration the previous research fi ndings on the relationship between body weight and strength variables. Th ere was signifi cant relationship between BW and HSI ((p<0.05) (0.04> r >0.02)) and non-signifi cant results for HSI (F (1.85) =0.578, p>0.05). However, the eff ect of BW was signifi cant for HSI (F (1.85) =3.91, p<0.05, η2 = 0.068). Th is study supported the hypothesis that hamstring muscle strength imbalance is not aff ected by lower extremity injuries and that body weight is a factor that may aff ect strength imbalance.
Ünlü, G, Çevikol, C, and Melekoğlu, T. Comparison of the effects of eccentric, concentric, and eccentric-concentric isotonic resistance training at two velocities on strength and muscle hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 337–344, 2020—The aim of this study was to compare the effects of concentric, eccentric, and eccentric-concentric isotonic resistance training at both fast and slow velocities to determine whether contraction modality affects muscle strength and hypertrophy. Forty-one young, healthy males (mean age 21.1 ± 1.8 years; height 178.9 ± 6.1 cm; body mass 70.5 ± 9.8 kg; and body mass index 22.0 ± 2.6 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned for 12 weeks to 1 of 5 resistance training groups to perform leg extension exercises 3 days a week (fast-eccentric; fast-concentric [FC]; slow-eccentric [SE]; slow-concentric; and concentric-eccentric [CE], 30°·s−1 for slow and 180°·s−1 for fast contractions), or to a nontraining control group (CG). Isotonic strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), isokinetic strength (peak torque), and quadriceps femoris muscle volume were measured before and after the 12 weeks of training program. In the early phase of the training period (first 3 weeks), the 1RM values of SE, FC, and CE increased remarkably (19.70, 13.73, and 19.35%, respectively; p < 0.05). Significant increases compared with the CG were found for muscle isotonic strength (∼25–41%, p < 0.001) and isokinetic peak torque at 60°·s−1 (∼13–32%, p < 0.05) in all training groups after the 12 weeks of the training period. No statistically significant interactions between the group and time were found on isokinetic peak torques at 180°·s−1 and muscle volume. Our results, therefore, suggest that all the training modalities in our study have the potential to induce isotonic strength gain in knee extensors, and there is insufficient evidence for the superiority of any specific mode of muscle contraction or velocity.
Balance is fundamental in sport, especially when there is an opponent. Although balance can be improved with practice, it is highly aff ected by nervous system disorders, particularly by vestibular disorders and visual impairment. Th e purpose of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance between normal and hearing-impaired wrestlers. Th e participants were 52 young male hearing-impaired wrestlers (n=29, age=18.76±3.54) and normal-hearing athletes (n=23, age=19.09±2.76) competing at the national level. Th e static and dynamic balance were measured using the stork test on one foot and the Y-balance test (in anterior, posteromedial & posterolateral directions). MANOVA indicated signifi cant diff erences between groups (Wilks' L=.284, F 12,39 =8.21, p<.05, η 2 =.72). Diff erences were detected in how long the participant had been active in the sport F(year) (F 1,50 =145.95, p<.025, η 2 =.75) and right leg static balance (F 1,50 =73.63, p<.025, η 2 =.60). As for the Y balance test, there was also a signifi cant diff erence in the anterior direction for the right leg (F 1,50 =4880.66, p<.025, η 2 =.99) and left leg (F 1,50 =3563.87, p<.025, η 2 =.99). Hearing-impaired wrestlers performed better balance abilities in the dynamic balance test of right and left legs in the anterior direction. In contrast, the amount of time active in the sport and the static balance of the right leg were found better in normal-hearing wrestlers. Being better than normal wrestlers only in the anterior direction of the dynamic balance might be due to the diff erences related to the directions of the test. Future studies are recommended for investigating the reasons for this diff erence.
Bu çalışmanın amacı; okuldaki beden eğitimi derslerine ek olarak okul dışındaki fiziksel aktivitelere katılan 13-14 yaşındaki adölasanların akciğer hacim ve kapasitelerini, okul dışı fiziksel aktivitelere katılmayan adölasanlarla kıyaslamaktır. Antrenman geçmişlerine, sağlık durumlarına, fiziksel özelliklerine bağlı ön değerlendirme sonrasında atletizm, futbol, hentbol, yüzme gibi branşlarda en az 5 yıllık antrenman geçmişine sahip 28 sporcu ve antrenman geçmişi bulunmayan, sporcularla benzer fiziksel özelliklere sahip 28 sedanter adölasan katılmıştır. Akciğer hacim ve kapasitelerini belirlemek için spirometre ile vital kapasite, zorlu vital kapasite ve maksimal istemli ventilasyon ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirilmesinde SPSS v.24 kullanılmıştır. Beden eğitimi derslerine ek olarak okul dışında da takım antrenmanlarına katılarak fiziksel aktivite düzeylerini arttıran adölasanların sadece beden eğitimi derslerine katılan adölasanlara karşın sırasıyla vital kapasiteleri (3,57±0,63 lt'ye karşın 2,72±0,56 lt), zorlu vital kapasiteleri (3,50 ± 0,64 lt'ye karşın 2,70 ± 0,56 lt) ve maksimal istemli ventilasyon (127,91 ±29,48 lt/dk, 109,10 ± 19,07 lt/dk) değerleri anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur (p0,001). Okul dışında da fiziksel olarak aktif adölasanların vital kapasiteleri % 31,50, zorlu vital kapasiteleri % 29,82 ve maksimal istemli ventilasyon değerleri % 17,24 daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, adölasan ve ergenlik dönemindeki düzenli aktivitenin akciğer hacimlerini ve kapasitelerini artırdığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, adölasanların okuldaki beden eğitimi ders saatlerinin ve/veya okul dışındaki fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin arttırılması solunum sistemi ve sağlığı üzerine önemli katkılar sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.
It is known that high intensity dynamic resistance training which involves eccentric and concentric contractions is one of the effective method for maximizing strength. Although, it is postulated that eccentric and concentric contractions provide different physiological adaptations, previous studies comparing the short-term effects of these two contractions have reported contradictory findings, with some studies reporting greater strength development with eccentric, some with concentric and some with similar within both training (18). Methodological differences may be of critical importance to the reported different findings, when focusing on the underlying reasons for these effects are discussed. The majority of previous studies on this topic have used isokinetic equipment to compare eccentric with concentric training, however there are also several studies which used isotonic method which is the most common type of resistance training. Since the effects of these two methods can form different physiological adaptations (9), it may not be proper to review the studies related to eccentric and concentric comparisons without taking into account training method variable. In isokinetic, contraction velocity can be controlled by the dynamometer however it is hard to standardize the movement velocity of isotonic training. And also previous studies showed that movement velocity of resistance training may affect strength development (11). At this juncture, the aim of this paper was to review the studies investigating eccentric and concentric resistance training and discuss the reported findings by considering methodological differences (training type and movement velocity). Although it was difficult to present certain implications due to only few studies including same methods in terms of contraction types and training methods, some highlights from this paper can be very informative to further studies. One of them is that the effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training might be different according to training types. The effects of movement velocity of resistance training on strength may also be different in terms of isotonic or isokinetic training methods.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a sort-term walking exercise on some lung function parameters (such as forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)) in obese children. Total of 23 subjects who have BMI (body mass index) > 25 kg/m2 and age ranged from 12 to 14 years participated in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups as intervention (n = 12) and control group (n = 11). Anthropometric features of subjects were shown in Table 1. For this study, lung function parameters were measured by using a spirometer. In this research, throughout 6 weeks, participants followed a closely supervised walking program consisted of 45-min sessions five times in each week with an intensity of 60% of heart rate reserve. SPSS was used for statistical analyses (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). T tests were utilised to compare before and after the changes between groups. Table 2 shows that there were significant increases in FVC and maximum MVV (p < 0.05) in intervention group. Although before the study the mean baseline FVC was 2.99 ± 0, 50 litres (L), this value changed to 3,09 ± 0,51(L) after the 6-week walking period. Further, MVV values of post-training period were significantly higher than that of pre-training period (111.73 ± 21.99 vs. 115.21 ± 18.99; Pre-training vs. Post-training. p < 0.05). Control group had no significant change in all outcomes from pretest to posttest (p > 0.05). All in all, short-term walking program had a significant positive effect on FVC and MVV lung functions. This research was designed to specify the effect of walking on respiratory system. The result of this study indicated that a short-term moderate intensity walking exercise may enhance changes in obese children’s respiratory system.Abstract P-13 Table 1Anthropometric data of subjects for the groups Baseline Measure Intervention group (n = 12) Control group (n = 11) P Age (year)13,42 ± 07913,20 ± 0,63>0,05Height (m)1,58 ± 0,031,60 ± 0,02>0,05Weight (kg)64,54 ± 3,8665,36 ± 1,99>0,05BMI (Weight/height2)25,93 ± 1,2725,47 ± 0,72>0,05Abstract P-13 Table 2Outcome measures at baseline and post-intervention Baseline Post-intervention Measure Intervention group (n = 12) Control group (n = 11) Pa Intervention group (n = 12) Control group (n = 11) Pb FVC2,99 ± 0,512,94 ± 0,500,583,09 ± 0,512,94 ± 0,460,31MVV111,73 ± 21,99110,79 ± 13,790,81115,21 ± 18,99102,21 ± 10,320,29Values are given as mean ± standard deviations.aBaseline comparisons between intervention and control groups, P value from t-test comparison.bPost-test-baseline comparisons between intervention and control groups.
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