The dynamics of permafrost (including the permafrost thermal state and active layer thicknesses (ALT)) across the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) have not been well understood on a large scale. Here we simulate the ALT and permafrost thermal state using the Geophysical Institute Permafrost Lab version 2 (GIPL2) model across the QTP. Based on the single‐point simulations, the model is upscaled to the entire QTP. The upscaled model is validated with five investigated regions (IRs), including Wenquan (WQIR), Gaize (GZIR), Aerjin (AEJIR), Xikunlun (XKLIR), and Qinghai‐Tibetan Highway (G109IR). The results show that the modified GIPL2 model improves the accuracy of the permafrost thermal state simulations. Due to our simulated results on the QTP, the average ALT is of 2.30 m (2.21–2.40 m). The ALT decreases with an increase in the altitude and decreases from the southeast to the northwest. The ALT is thin in the central QTP, but it is thick in the high‐elevation mountain areas and some areas surrounding glaciers and lakes. The largest ALT is found in the border areas between permafrost and seasonally frozen ground regions. The simulated results of the MAGT (the mean annual ground temperature) indicate that most of the permafrost is substable, which is sensitive to climate warming. The simulated results would be of great significance on assessing the impacts of permafrost dynamics on local hydrology, ecology, and engineering construction.

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A relatively new addition to the application portfolio of lead halide perovskites is to photosensitize molecular triplets for a variety of photochemical applications. Here we report visible-light-driven isomerization and cycloaddition of organic molecules sensitized by spectrally-tunable perovskite nanocrystals. We first demonstrate with stilbene as the substrate molecule that photoisomerization can proceed efficiently and rapidly by either directly grafting carboxylated stilbene onto nanocrystal surfaces or using triplet-acceptor ligands as the energy relay. The relay approach is more generally applicable as it does not require anchoring-group functionalization of substrate molecules, allowing us to facilely extend it to isomerization of a series of substituted stilbene molecules and ring-closing isomerization of diarylethene, as well as intermolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of acenaphthylene. This study opens an avenue of energy-transfer photocatalysis using perovskite nanocrystals.

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In this study, we aim to evaluate the global scientific output of liposome research, and try to find an approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the current global research on liposome. Data were based on the science citation index expanded database, from the Institute of Scientific Information Web of Science database. Bibliometric method was used to analyze publication outputs, journals, countries/territories, institutions, authors, research areas, research hotspots and trends. Globally, there were 37,327 publications referring to liposome during 1995-2014. Liposome research experienced notable growth in the past two decades. The International Journal of Pharmaceutics published the largest number of liposome-related publications in the surveyed period. Major author clusters and research regions are located in the USA, Western Europe, and Asia. The USA was a leading contributor to liposome research with the largest number of publications. The Osaka Univ (Japan), Kyoto Univ (Japan), and Univ Texas (USA) were the three institutions with the largest number of liposome-related publications. Van Rooijen N (Netherlands) was a leading contributor to liposome research with the largest number of publications. The chemistry accounts for the largest number of publications in the research area of liposomes. A keywords analysis revealed that gene, drug delivery, cell and cancer were the research hotspots in the study period. The nanotechnology, drug delivery, small interfering RNA and cancer therapy received dramatically increased attention during the analyzed period, possibly signaling future research trends. Bibliometric method could quantitatively characterize the development of global liposome research.

Salvage of the complex amputation of extremities, such as combined with devastating segmental injuries, extensive soft tissue defect, and multiple important organ injuries, continues to be a challenge for plastic surgeons. Temporary ectopic implantation of the amputated part to a healthy recipient site allows the patient to recover from critical combined injuries, radical debridements, and soft tissue repair. In this article, the authors report two cases of temporary ectopic implantation of complexly amputated forearms, followed by successful replantation to their anatomic positions at a second stage. The contralateral upper extremity is an acceptable recipient site for temporary ectopic implantation. In secondary replantation, a cross-arm flap can be designed to carry the vascular pedicle from the ectopic implantation recipient to improve blood supply to the replanted part when the second blood supply is established. The authors validated that temporary ectopic implantation of amputated parts provides an alternative procedure for the salvage of amputated extremities under special circumstances.

Response of the runoff in the headwater region of the Yellow River to climate change and its sensibility are analyzed based on the measured data at the four hydrological stations and ten weather stations during the period 1959-2008. The result indicates that change of temperature in the region has an obvious corresponding relationship with global warming and the changes of annual average temperature in each subregion in the region have been presenting a fluctuant and rising state in the past 50 years. However the change of precipitation is more intricate than the change of temperature in the region because of the influences of the different geographical positions and environments in various areas, and the change of annual precipitation in the main runoff-producing area has been presenting a fluctuant and decreasing state in the past 50 years. And there is a remarkable nonlinear correlativity between runoff and precipitation and temperature in the region. The runoff in the region has been decreasing continuously since 1990 because the precipitation in the main runoff-producing area obviously decreases and the annual average temperature continuously rises. As a whole, the runoff in each subregion of the headwater region of the Yellow River is quite sensitive to precipitation change, while the runoff in the subregion above Jimai is more sensitive to temperature change than that in the others in the region, correspondingly.