Recently, metal‐free, heteroatom‐doped carbon nanomaterials have emerged as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), but their synthesis is a tedious process involving energy‐wasting calcination. Molecular electrocatalysts offer attractive catalysts for the OER. Here, phytic acid (PA) was selected to investigate the OER activity of carbons in organic molecules by DFT calculations and experiments. Positively charged carbons on PA were very active towards the OER. The PA molecules were fixed into a porous, conductive hydrogel with a superhydrophilic surface. This outperformed most metal‐free electrocatalysts. Besides the active sites on PA, the high OER activity was also related to the porous and conductive networks on the hydrogel, which allowed fast charge and mass transport during the OER. Therefore, this work provides a metal‐free, organic‐molecule‐based electrocatalyst to replace carbon nanomaterials for efficient OER.

involved half reactions, including oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for water splitting systems, and OER and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for metal-air batteries. [3] In this context, robust electrocatalysts are required to boost these half reactions for achieving large current densities at small overpotentials. Though noble metal-based electrocatalysts have shown satisfying activity for OER, HER, or ORR, it is still challenging to explore one single noble metal-constructed electrocatalysts possessing high activity toward all above three reactions, which therefore complicates the manufactures and operation of devices. [4] For example, in a water splitting system, RuO 2 and IrO 2 are benchmark electrocatalysts for OER; however, their HER activity is poor. In case of metal-air batteries, Pt/C holds the nearly highest activity for ORR, whereas it is not very active for OER. Moreover, above noble metals-based electrocatalysts suffer from poor stability, high cost, and low abundance. [5] Therefore, in terms of industrial application and cost saving, it is extremely appealing to develop noble metal-free and trifunctional electrocatalysts that combine high activity and excellent stability for both OER, HER, and ORR to achieve high efficiency on the water splitting and metal-air batteries.Recently, metal-free N-doped carbon nanomaterials have emerged as promising substitutes for precious metals to reduce the cost and improve the stability of OER, HER, or ORR electrocatalysts. [6] Rational doping a second heteroatoms (B, S, and P) into N-doped carbon nanomaterials is an effective route for optimizing their electronic and chemical features to further enhance the electrocatalytic activity. [7] For instance, the N, P-codoped carbon networks displayed excellent activity for both ORR and HER. [8] However, up to now, the performance of dual N, O-codoped carbon nanomaterials for OER, ORR, or HER is rarely reported. On the other hand, inadequate mass transport could ineluctably reduce the electrocatalytic performance especially at large current densities, during which large amount of gas are required to transport or consume for OER, HER, and ORR. Although the rotating disk electrode (RDE) could Despite the exciting achievements made in synthesis of monofunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), or hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), it is challenging to develop trifunctional electrocatalysts for both ORR/OER/HER. Herein, N, O-codoped graphene nanorings-integrated boxes (denoted NOGB) are crafted via high-temperature pyrolysis and following acid etching of hybrid precursors containing polymers and Prussian blue analogue cubes. The electrochemical results signified that the resulting NOGB-800 (800 refers to pyrolysis temperature) is highly active for trifunctional electrocatalysis of ORR/OER/HER. This can be reasonably attributed to the advanced nanostructures (i.e., the hierarchically porous nanostructures on the hollow nanorings) and...

Previous density-functional theory (DFT) calculations show that sub-nanometric Cu clusters (i.e., 13 atoms) favorably generate CH 4 from the CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), but experimental evidence is lacking. Herein, a facile impregnation-calcination route towards Cu clusters, having a diameter of about 1.0 nm with about 10 atoms, was developed by double confinement of carbon defects and micropores. These Cu clusters enable high selectivity for the CO 2 RR with a maximum Faraday efficiency of 81.7 % for CH 4. Calculations and experimental results show that the Cu clusters enhance the adsorption of *H and *CO intermediates, thus promoting generation of CH 4 rather than H 2 and CO. The strong interactions between the Cu clusters and defective carbon optimize the electronic structure of the Cu clusters for selectivity and stability towards generation of CH 4. Provided here is the first experimental evidence that sub-nanometric Cu clusters facilitate the production of CH 4 from the CO 2 RR.

With the increases in residents’ household energy consumption and carbon emissions, to conserve regional energy and reduce emissions, studying the factors affecting residents’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances and their mechanisms of action is necessary. In this research, based on the theory of extended planned behavior and combined with environmental concern variables and environmental knowledge variables, a model of the factors influencing residents’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances was constructed and an empirical study of urban residents in Shanxi Province, China was conducted. The research indicates that environmental concern, environmental knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavioral control are significantly positively correlated with residents’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances. The influence of subjective norms on the willingness of residents to purchase energy-efficient appliances is not significant; environmental concern and environmental knowledge have a positive impact on attitudes and indirectly affect residents’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances. This study focuses on improvement and research from the perspectives of theoretical expansion, indirect impact test, and analysis of typical underdeveloped energy-rich regions. This study provides corresponding policy suggestions from the perspectives of education and guidance, sales and marketing, and independent improvement for the government, sellers, and residents, to improve the residents’ willingness to purchase energy-efficient appliances.

This review summarizes the recent progress made in the synthesis of transition metal/carbon hybrids (i.e. metal alloys/carbon, metal sulfides/carbon, and metal phosphides/carbon) for electrochemical water splitting.

To explore the approaches and diagnostic yield of genetic testing for renal disease in children, we describe the genotype and phenotype of the national cohort of children with renal disease from 13 different regions of China recruited from 2014 to 2018 by building up the multicenter registration system (Chinese Children Genetic Kidney Disease Database, CCGKDD). Genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 42.1% of our cohort of 1001 pediatric patients with clinical suspicion of a genetic renal disease. Of the 106 distinct monogenetic disorders detected, 15 accounted for 60.7% of genetic diagnoses. The diagnostic yield was 29.1% in steroid resistant nephritic syndrome (SRNS), 61.4% in cystic renal disease, 17.0% in congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 62.3% in renal tubular disease/renal calcinosis, and 23.9% for chronic kidney disease (CKD) 3 to 5 stage with unknown origin. Genetic approaches of target gene sequence (TGS), singleton whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and trio‐WES were performed with diagnostic rates of 44.8%, 36.2%, and 42.6%, respectively. The early use of trio‐WES could improve the diagnostic rate especially in renal tubular disease and calcinosis. We report the genetic spectrum of Chinese children with renal disease. Establishment of the CCGKDD will improve the genetic work on renal disease.

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