The compressible Navier-Stokes-Poisson (NSP) system is considered in R 3 in the present paper and the influences of the electric field of the internal electrostatic potential force governed by the self-consistent Poisson equation on the qualitative behaviors of solutions is analyzed. It is observed that the rotating effect of electric field affects the dispersion of fluids and reduces the time decay rate of solutions. Indeed, we show that the density of the NSP system converges to its equilibrium state at the same L 2 -rate (1 + t) − 3 4 or L ∞ -rate (1 + t) −3/2 respectively as the compressible Navier-Stokes system, but the momentum of the NSP system decays at the L 2 -rate (1 + t) − 1 4 or L ∞ -rate (1 + t) −1 respectively, which is slower than the L 2 -rate (1 + t)or L ∞ -rate (1 + t) −3/2 for the compressible Navier-Stokes system [17,21,6]. These convergence rates are also shown to be optimal for the compressible NSP system.

Acupuncture has been shown to be effective in experimental and clinical acute pain settings. This study aims to evaluate the effect of preoperative electroacupuncture (EA) on intraoperative and postoperative analgesic (alfentanil and morphine) requirement in patients scheduled for gynaecologic lower abdominal surgery. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group I (control group) –received placebo EA for 45 minutes before induction of general anaesthesia (GA); Group II –preoperative EA instituted 45 minutes before induction of GA; Group III – 45 minutes of postoperative EA. The Bispectral Index monitor was used intraoperatively to monitor the hypnotic effect of anaesthetic drugs, and alfentanil was titrated to maintain the blood pressure and pulse rate within ±15% of basal values. Postoperative pain was managed by intravenous morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. Patients in Group II (0.44 ± 0.15μg/kg/min) received less alfentanil than those in Group III (0.58 ± 0.22μg/kg/min) (p=0.024), but not significantly less than those in Group I (0.51 ± 0.21μg/kg/min) (p=0.472). Postoperative morphine consumption was numerically lower in Group II compared with the other groups; however, the difference was statistically significant only during the period of 6–12 hours between Group II [0.03 (0.05) mg/kg] and Group I [0.10 (0.11) mg/kg] (p=0.015), and Group II and Group III [0.08 (0.10) mg/kg] (p=0.010). The 24-hour cumulative morphine consumption for Group II (0.52 ± 0.19mg/kg) was less than that for either Group I (0.68 ± 0.38mg/kg) or Group III (0.58 ± 0.27mg/kg), but the difference did not reach significance. In conclusion, preoperative EA leads to a reduced intraoperative alfentanil consumption, though this effect may not be specific, and has a morphine sparing effect during the early postoperative period.

As critical dimensions shrink, line edge and width roughness (LER and LWR) become of increasing concern. Traditionally LER is viewed as a resist-limited effect; however, as critical dimensions shrink and LER requirements become proportionally more stringent, system-level effects begin to play an important role. Recent advanced EUV resist testing results have demonstrated lower bounds on achievable LER at the level of approximately 2 to 3 nm. Here we use modeling to demonstrate that a significant portion of this low bound may in fact be do to system-level effects and in particular the mask. Of concern are both LER on the mask as well as roughness of the multilayer reflector. Modeling also shows roughness (flare) in the projection optics not to be of concern.

Articles you may be interested inFocused helium and neon ion beam induced etching for advanced extreme ultraviolet lithography mask repair Testing new chemistries for mask repair with focused ion beam gas assisted etching Hard mask fabrication for magnetic random access memory elements using focused ion beam assisted selective chemical vapor depositionThe key challenge in extreme ultraviolet ͑EUV͒ mask defect repair is to avoid or limit the damage to the sensitive reflective multilayer ͑ML͒ stacks on the mask substrate and repair Ͻ55 nm mask defects. Our EUV mask design employs an oxide buffer layer between the ML and the absorber to protect the ML during repair. We have developed both opaque and clear EUV mask defect repair processes using focus ion beam ͑FIB͒ based gas-assisted etching ͑GAE͒ and ion-induced deposition. The process has been successfully demonstrated on our TiN baseline mask by 10ϫ EUV print tests of 100 nm resist lines/spaces. More importantly we have assessed the current FIB tool performance capability and compared it with the general requirements for repairing the EUV mask for the 70 nm lithography node. The characterization includes minimum ''effective'' beam size, etch selectivity, and edge placement precision. We discussed the required improvements and future directions in repair tool research and development in order for the mask repair technology to keep pace with lithography scaling in future generations.

Little is known about the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors to structuring aquatic and sedimentary microbial biogeography in lakes. Here, we investigated the microbial community composition (MCC) of the water (n = 35) and sediment (n = 35) samples from 16 lakes in western China (salinity: freshwater to salt saturation; pairwise geographical distance: 9–2027 km) using high-throughput sequencing and evaluated the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors to microbial (including total, abundant, and rare) distributions. Our results showed that spatial factors were more important than environmental factors in shaping the biogeography of aquatic and sedimentary microbial communities in the studied lakes, and spatial factors on abundant microbial community was stronger than that on the total/rare microbial communities. Moreover, sedimentary rare MCC might be more sensitive to environmental factors than its aquatic counterpart. Such different biogeography responses of total, abundant, and rare communities to environmental and spatial factors could be ascribed to different physiochemical properties between water and sediment. Collectively, this study expands our understanding of factors shaping microbial biogeography of total, abundant, and rare communities between waters and sediments of lakes.