Abstract:To make full use of the flexible charging and discharging capabilities of the growing number of electric vehicles (EVs), a bidding strategy for EV aggregators to participate in a day-ahead electricity energy market is proposed in this work. The proposed bidding strategy is able to reduce the operating cost of the EV aggregators and to handle the uncertainties of day-ahead market prices properly at the same time. Agreements between the EV owners and the aggregators are discussed, and a hierarchical market structure is proposed. While assuming the aggregators as economic rational entities, the bidding strategy is established based on the market prices, extra battery charging/discharging costs and the expected profits. The bidding clearing system will display the current/temporal market clearance results of the day-ahead market before the final clearance, and hence the market participants can revise their bids and mitigate the risks, to some extent, of forecasted market price forecast errors. Numerical results with a modified IEEE 30-bus system have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Electric vehicles (EVs) can have noteworthy impact on power system dynamic performance. This paper develops two novel controllers which can take into account the random time delay in the communication channel of the control system. With the designed robust controller, the system can utilize EVs to participate in automatic generation control (AGC) processes so as to assist conventional thermal power units to respond rapidly and accurately to load fluctuations, as well as to enhance the capability of a power system to accommodate renewable energy forms such as wind power. Owing to the distributed nature of EVs, a networked control scheme for EVs' participation in frequency regulation is first proposed in the paper. A closed-loop block diagram, which incorporates EVs and wind power, is then developed. Two controllers are then designed based on rigorous linear matrix inequalities (LMI) theory to ensure the robustness and stability of the system. Finally, comprehensive case studies based on a two-area equivalent of the IEEE 39-bus test system are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
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