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The removal of three chemotherapy drugs including irinotecan, tamoxifen, and cyclophosphamide in water was examined by both physical and chemical treatment processes. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) absorption tests and oxidation by ozone or an advanced oxidation process (hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation) were conducted on de-ionized water samples spiked with these drugs. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy was successfully applied for the selective and sensitive determination of these three compounds. Removal of the three selected drugs in water samples by PAC was found to be dependant on PAC dosage. The Freundlich isotherm coefficients revealed the PAC absorption capacity sequence as tamoxifen > irinotecan > cyclophosphamide. Ozone was found to be effective in removing tamoxifen and irinotecan but not able to destroy cyclophosphamide in water. Advanced oxidation processes such as UV/H

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Plasma molding over deep trenches and the resulting ion and energetic neutral distributionsA simplified two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation is performed to estimate the charging potential fluctuations caused by strong binary Coulomb interactions between discrete charged particles in nanometer scale trenches. It is found that the discrete charge effect can be an important part of the nanoscale trench research, inducing scattering of ion trajectories in a nanoscale trench by a fluctuating electric field. The effect can enhance the ion deposition on the side walls and disperse the material contact energy of the incident ions, among others.

Among various edge localized mode (ELM) crash control methods, only non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations (NAMPs) yield complete suppression of ELM crashes beyond their mitigation, and thus attract more attention than others. No other devices except KSTAR, DIII-D, and recently EAST have successfully achieved complete suppression with NAMPs. The underlying physics mechanisms of these successful ELM crash suppressions in a non-axisymmetric field environment, however, still remain uncertain. In this work, we investigate the ELM crash suppression characteristics of the KSTAR ELMy H-mode discharges in a controlled multi-spectral field environment, created by both n = 2 middle reference and n = 1 top/bottom proxy in-vessel control coils. Interestingly, the attempts have produced a set of contradictory findings, one expected (ELM crash suppression enhancement with the addition of n  =  1 to the n  =  2 field at relatively low heating discharges) and another unexpected (ELM crash suppression degradation at relatively high heating discharges) from the earlier findings in DIII-D. This contradiction indicates the dependence of the ELM crash suppression characteristics on the heating level and the associated kink-like plasma responses. Preliminary linear resistive MHD plasma response simulation shows the unexpected suppression performance degradation to be likely caused by the dominance of kink-like plasma responses over the island gap-filling effects.