Physicochemical Treatment of Three Chemotherapy Drugs: Irinotecan, Tamoxifen, and Cyclophosphamide

Abstract

The removal of three chemotherapy drugs including irinotecan, tamoxifen, and cyclophosphamide in water was examined by both physical and chemical treatment processes. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) absorption tests and oxidation by ozone or an advanced oxidation process (hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation) were conducted on de-ionized water samples spiked with these drugs. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy was successfully applied for the selective and sensitive determination of these three compounds. Removal of the three selected drugs in water samples by PAC was found to be dependant on PAC dosage. The Freundlich isotherm coefficients revealed the PAC absorption capacity sequence as tamoxifen > irinotecan > cyclophosphamide. Ozone was found to be effective in removing tamoxifen and irinotecan but not able to destroy cyclophosphamide in water. Advanced oxidation processes such as UV/H

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Photocatalytic Effect of α-Fe₂O₃/SAPO-34 in the Elimination Process of the Anti-Cancer Drug Doxorubicin from Aqueous Solution

“…Moreover, by light radiation, the hydrogen peroxide molecule undergoes a cleavage to produce O 2 gas (2). According to the photocatalytic mechanism, the O 2 gas reacts with conduction band electrons through several steps and generates • OH radicals (3)(4)(5). …”

“…So due to the high toxicity of this drug, it should be completely degraded before entering the environment. To remove the anti-cancer drugs, several methods have been reported such as using a membrane, activated carbon adsorption, electrolysis, sonolysis and ozonation [4][5][6][7]. Since conventional treatments are often inadequate and inefficient to remove DOX and other pharmaceuticals from wastewater [8], further investigations on alternative treatment options are intensively pursued.…”

Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in aqueous environment and their removal by biological and abiotic wastewater treatment processes

“…The results of several abiotic treatment studies using UV, UV and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2 O 2 ), ozone (O 3 ) and O 3 /H 2 O 2 to remove CP and studies using UV, UV/H 2 O 2 and O 3 to remove IF have been published (Chen et al, 2008;Fernández et al, 2010;Garcia-Ac et al, 2010;Kim and Tanaka, 2009;Kim et al, 2009aKim et al, , 2009bKöhler et al, 2012;Lester et al, 2011;Lin et al, 2014Lin et al, , 2015Lutterbeck et al, 2015;Wols et al, 2013Wols et al, , 2015. The removal of CP and IF by either UV or O 3 alone was disappointing, but by adding H 2 O 2 removal efficiency was substantially improved (up to 90%).…”

Micropollutant removal and nutrient recovery for sustainable management of urban wastewater

“…The removal via powder activated carbon (PAC) adsorption depends largely on PAC dosage and analytes' octanol-water partition coefficients, especially for those hydrophobic species (Westerhoff et al, 2005). Chen et al (2008) demonstrated that PAC absorption capacity to tamoxifen (logP 7.88) is better than irinotecan (3.73), followed by CP (0.63), but depending on initial PAC dosage. Granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration also showed nearly complete removal of neutral CP from pretreated surface water (Verliefde et al, 2007).…”

“…For example, hydrophobic tamoxifen and irinotecan (logP > 2) could be effectively absorbed by powder or granular activated carbon; however, physical adsorption seems ineffective towards relatively polar cytostatic compounds (Verliefde et al, 2007). Some cytostatic drugs such as tamoxifen can be chemically destroyed during ozone treatment and AOP assisted with ultraviolent irradiation and/or photo-reactive catalysts, while others such as cyclophosphamide performed rather recalcitrant during these processes and might generate intermediate mutagens (Chen et al, 2008;Garcia-Ac et al, 2010;Hansel et al, 1997;Lester et al, 2011).…”