Allelic and genotypic variation at 13 different enzyme loci of autochthonous European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was investigated in six 110-160-year-old stands growing at elevations between 150 and 660 m above sea level on the western slope of mount Vogelsberg in central Germany. The highest elevated population showed the highest number of effective alleles (Ne), the highest total heterozygosity (He) and the highest population differentiation deltaT. Also, the genotype SKD-A2A3 of shikimate dehydrogenase was significantly more frequent at the two highest elevated stands (P = 11%) than at the three lowest elevated stands (P = 1%). Further differences in genotype frequencies between 11 of 15 stand pairs were elevation independent.
It was possible to extract simultaneously several active enzymes involved in the carbohydrate or the amino acid metabolism from spruce needles [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] when a) a 100 mM Na‐Pi buffer of pH 7.5 containing 5% PVPP and 0.5% Triton X‐100 was used and when b) the resulting crude extracts were freed from lowmolecular‐weight compounds by gel‐chromatography using the separation medium Fractogel TSK HW‐40. Besides Triton X‐100, Triton X‐305, Myrij‐52 and Brij‐35 were tested, but 0.5% Triton X‐100 brought about the most active enzyme extracts. In crude extracts prepared from spruce needles during the early summer a high increase in absorbance at 334 nm was observed when the co‐substrate NADP+ was added, thus making reliable spectrophotometric assays impossible. The interfering low‐molecular‐weight substances could be eliminated by gel chromatography. As separation media Bio‐Gel P‐6 DG, Sephadex G‐25 m, Trisacryl GF 05 and Fractogel TSK HW‐40 (F) were tested, with Fractogel yielding the highest activities.
With the methods described in this paper the activities of the following enzymes were determined: glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), shikimate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.25), NAD+‐malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2). The activities estimated for NAD+‐malate dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are in the range of those published for the needle enzymes of white spruce and Scots pine, respectively.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi were investigated on five different forest tree species growing in pure stands on the south slope of the Taunus Mountains, which are situated at the northern end of the Rhine rift valley in Central Germany. Mycorrhizal fungi accompanying the genus Xerocomus were identified and their frequencies counted. Using ITS markers, 22 different fungal species were identified down to species level and 6 down to genus level. On European beech (Fagus sylvatica) 16 fungal species and 4 genera were identified and on Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) 16 ectomycorrhizal species and 2 genera were determined. On both deciduous trees we observed exclusively: Cortinarius subsertipes, Genea hispidula, Lactarius quietus, Tylopilus felleus and a Melanogaster genus. On Norway spruce (Picea abies) we identified 13 different mycorrhizal species and 3 different genera, on Silver fir (Abies alba) 12 species and 3 genera, and in association with European larch (Larix decidua) 11 species and 3 genera. On these conifers Cortinarius anomalus, Lactarius necator and a Piloderma genus occurred exclusively. Comparisons with published data of ectomycorrhizal diversity on the same five tree species, growing in different areas of Germany and E...
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