Analytical technologies that can improve disease diagnosis are highly sought after. Current screening/diagnostic tests for several diseases are limited by their moderate diagnostic performance, invasiveness, costly and laborious methodologies or the need for multiple tests before a definitive diagnosis. Spectroscopic techniques, including infrared (IR) and Raman, have attracted great interest in the medical field, with applications expanding from early disease detection to monitoring and real-time diagnosis. This review highlights applications of IR and Raman spectroscopy, with a focus on cancer and infectious diseases since 2015, and underscores the diverse sample types that can be analyzed, such as biofluids, cells and tissues. Studies involving more than 25 participants per group (disease and control group; if no control group >25 in disease group) were considered eligible, to retain the clinical focus of the paper. Following literature searches, we identified 94 spectroscopic studies on different cancers and 30 studies on infectious diseases. The review KEYWORDS
Carboplatin is a chemotherapeutic drug, used for the treatment of different types of cancers, particularly solid tumors. Carboplatin, like other platinum containing drugs, exerts its cytotoxic effect through DNA binding via cross-linking. It forms interstrand and intrastrand cross-linking with DNA. Intrastrand crosslinking is dominant and believed to be conferring antitumoral efficacy of the drug. This cross-linking results in alteration of DNA winding and bending, which hampers DNA replication and transcription and finally leads to cell death. In the present work, we studied the interaction of carboplatin with calfthymus DNA in buffer solution under physiological conditions. Different concentrations of carboplatin were incubated with a constant DNA concentration to form carboplatin-DNA complexes. These complexes were studied with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to understand the binding modes of carboplatin with DNA and its effect on DNA conformation. The results showed that carboplatin binds to DNA through direct interaction of platin-DNA bases (guanine, thymine, adenine and cytosine), with a small perturbation of phosphate group of DNA backbone, while DNA remains in the B-conformation. DNA aggregation was also observed at higher drug concentrations.
BackgroundOvarian cancer is the second most common cancer among women and the leading cause of death among gynecologic malignancies. In recent years, infrared (IR) spectroscopy has gained attention as a simple and inexpensive method for the biomedical study of several diseases. In the present study infrared spectra of normal and malignant ovarian tissues were recorded in the 650 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 region.MethodsPost surgical tissue samples were taken from the normal and tumor sections of the tissue. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data on twelve cases of ovarian cancer with different grades of malignancy from patients of different age groups were analyzed.ResultsSignificant spectral differences between the normal and the ovarian cancerous tissues were observed. In particular changes in frequency and intensity in the spectral region of protein, nucleic acid and lipid vibrational modes were observed. It was evident that the sample-to-sample or patient-to-patient variations were small and the spectral differences between normal and diseased tissues were reproducible.ConclusionThe measured spectroscopic features, which are the spectroscopic fingerprints of the tissues, provided the important differentiating information about the malignant and normal tissues. The findings of this study demonstrate the possible use of infrared spectroscopy in differentiating normal and malignant ovarian tissues.
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