The final visual outcome in eyes with mild to moderate retinopathy, without previous ME, is as good as in normal eyes, but an increased frequency of macular changes may protract recovery of full vision. Changes on OCT or FA are often seen without any obvious effect on VA. OCT is as good as FA at detecting a clinical CME, and is the technique recommended for follow-up before FA is considered.

The plasma concentration of ophthalmic timolol correlates with several haemodynamic effects. As HR decreases, SVRI increases and blood pressure is kept unchanged.

Drug-induced changes in the peak heart rate, and head-up tilt test results as well as plasma concentrations of timolol, were significantly more pronounced after treatment with 0.5% aqueous timolol than with 0.1% timolol hydrogel. Because of the statistically similar IOP-reducing efficacy of these formulations the risk-benefit ratio was significantly improved when patients used 0.1% timolol hydrogel instead of 0.5% aqueous timolol.

ABSTRACT.Objective: To evaluate three different techniques to quantify retinal blood flow transit times in normal human eyes from fluorescein angiograms. Subjects and Methods: Fluorescein angiograms were recorded on two different occasions in 18 normal individuals with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The angiograms were digitized (5 frames per second) and the images were aligned. Mean transit times (MTT) were analysed with a newly developed technique based on an impulse-response analysis (MTT IR ) and again with the conventional technique (MTT SLOPE) Conclusions:Mean transit time is a well-defined physiological parameter. The technique based on impulse-response analysis allows for analysis of even badly defined dye curves. We found this technique to be superior to the conventional technique in terms of reproducibility.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To investigate the quantitative response of retinal circulation in normal human eyes to oxygen and carbon dioxide provocation and to gain more information about retinal mean transit time (MTT). Methods: Healthy subjects were studied while breathing: room air (O 2 baseline); pure O 2 ; room air (CO 2 baseline), and CO 2 in room air. The CO 2 level was brought to 30% above individual baseline level. During each gas exposure, blue field simulation was used to estimate the velocity of macular leucocytes and fluorescein angiography was used to determine MTT, arteriovenous passage time (AVP) and vessel diameters. Results: Breathing pure O 2 caused a reduction in macular leucocyte velocity of about 13%, a non-significant change in MTT and AVP from baseline, and a 10% reduction in the diameter of temporal retinal arteries and veins. Breathing CO 2 caused an increase in macular leucocyte velocity of 21%, a non-significant change in MTT and AVP, and no change in retinal vascular diameters. Conclusion: Both O 2 and CO 2 had the expected effects on retinal blood flow, as judged by leucocyte velocity in the macular capillaries, but little effect on retinal MTT, indicating concomitant changes in flow and retinal vascular volume. Measuring the diameter of retinal vessels before and during pure O 2 breathing is a simple and effective way of determining the reactivity of retinal vessels.

The results demonstrate that loss of neuronal tissue in glaucoma is combined with an effect on the retinal circulation and that the effect is similar in eyes with NTG and eyes with POAG.

Referral rate to low vision clinic is a valuable tool for estimating occurrence of SVI and fell between the years 2005 until 2013. Data from the SMR showed improvement in visual acuity on the whole, but also identified patients at high risk for developing SVI during anti-VEGF-treatment.