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Aim: Methodology:Results: Interpretation:Sooty moulds proliferate on mango foliage, subsisting on the honeydew created by sucking pests. It reduces photosynthetic area of tree. Factors affecting the development of sooty moulds on mango trees was studied for three consecutive seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015).Data were recorded at weekly interval from trees of mango cv. of 20-35 year age selected with planting at 7.5 m × 7.5 m to 10 m × 10 m distances at 22 different locations in Lucknow district. Sooty moulds incidence and severity data were analyzed for relationship with sucking pest incidence and weather data.Sooty moulds incidence and severity was found to vary across the seasons. Peak incidence (28.8 %) of sooty mould was recorded during the 11 Standard Meteorological Week (SMW) with peak severity (14.2 %) during 17 SMW of the year 2013. During the year 2014, peak incidence (27.8) and severity (15.6 %) of sooty mould was recorded during 40 SMW. Similarly, peak incidence (42.5 %) and severity (27.5 %) of sooty mould was recorded at 25 SMW during the year 2015. The higher incidence and severity of sooty mould was recorded during the year 2015 compared to 2014 and 2013. Mango hoppers peak incidence was observed during 13 , 19 and 23 SMW during the year 2013, 2014 and 2015. Whereas, the scale insect peak incidence was recorded during 9 , 39 and 14 SMW during the year 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Scale insect incidence had significant positive correlation with the sooty mould incidence (r = 0.65) and severity (r =0.60). Among the weather parameters, only rainfall had positive correlation with incidence (r = 0.35) and severity (r = 0.37) of sooty moulds.Step wise regression analysis showed that the hopper and scale insect incidence could influence the disease incidence upto 45 % and severity pto 39 %. When significant weather factor rainfall was taken into consideration, the corresponding values increased to 51 % and 47 %. However, scale insect incidence had exponential relationship with the i n c i d e n c e a n d severity of sooty mould.The studies indicated that scale insect, hopper and rainfall together play a vital role in the d e v e l o p m e n t o f mango sooty mould. O t h e r w e a t h e r factors did not have s i g n i f i c a n t relationship with s o o t y m o u l d development, but their indirect effect cannot be ruled out.

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Considering the quarantine importance of the red-banded mango caterpillar, Deanolis sublimbalis (Crambidae: Lepidoptera), studies were carried out to predict the impact of climate change on its geographical distribution using the ecological niche modeling. Predictions were made based on the analysis of the relationship between occurrence points of D. sublimbalis and the corresponding current and future climate data of the study area, which was retrieved from the worldclim database. Spatial analysis software DIVA-GIS was used for visualization of the maps. The maximum entropy algorithm provided reasonable estimates of the species range in respect of discrimination of suitable and unsuitable areas for its occurrence in both present and future climatic conditions. The model provided a good fit for species distribution with a high value of area under the curve (0.971). Jackknife test indicated temperature seasonality to be the most important bioclimatic variable determining the potential geographical distribution of D. sublimbalis. The model predicted higher suitability areas for the pest occurrence in eastern parts of Andhra Pradesh, coastal regions of Orissa, southern parts of West Bengal, and some parts of Tripura. In future climate scenarios of 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2080, model-predicted relative increase in its distribution. Prediction of likely changes in the pest distribution with climate change will be useful in formulating effective management strategies against mango fruit borer.

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