AqpZ reconstituted proteoliposomes integrated into polyamide matrix using different ultrafiltration support membranes successfully with a performance increase of 12 times.

Highlights Data and models were reviewed to estimate energy consumption in potable water reuse. Entire reuse schemes, both direct and indirect, require 1.2 to 2.1 kWh/m 3 . Lowest-energy options include non-RO indirect and RO-based direct potable reuse. Potable reuse requires much less energy than seawater desalination. Pipe network updates and high-permeability membranes would reduce energy use.

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This study is focused on identifying the combined effects of fabrication conditions and casting mixture composition on the properties of hollow fiber (HF) membranes. Three variables evaluated are air gap ( = 0cm and 2.5cm); coagulation bath temperature ( = 25°C; 35°C; 45°C) and molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW PVP = 10kDa; 40kDa; 65kDa; 360kDa; 1000kDa). Prepared HF membranes were characterized in terms of specific permeate flux;surface morphology, charge and hydrophilicity; bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection, Young modulus, and resistance to fouling by BSA. We illustrate that both higher and higher MW PVP are required to achieve optimal membrane morphology and performance.

In this study, hollow fiber membranes with and without bismuth dimercaptopropanol (Bis-BAL) additive were fabricated. Membranes were characterized in terms of permeability, surface properties, anti-biofouling and antibacterial properties. Membranes were operated in a lab-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). During the MBR operation, flux, chemical oxygen demand, volatile suspended solids and suspended solids were calculated for 30 days. Results showed that extracellular polymeric substance and soluble microbial product amounts were decreased in BisBAL-containing membranes. BisBAL-added membranes had the ability to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. BisBAL as an additive for membranes was found to be an effective, cheap alternative for enhancing anti-biofouling properties of the membranes.

Two different membrane treatment scenarios have been applied for treatment of the high strength dark color alkaloid industry wastewater. A membrane bioreactor (MBR) system having separately UF and MF membranes was operated with raw alkaloid wastewater treatment (scenario-A) and anaerobically pre-treated alkaloid wastewater (scenario-B). NF 270, NF 90 and RO (XLE) membranes were used as a polish-ing step at two different recovery ratios of 50% and 75% for both scenarios. In scenario-A, the COD re-moval efficiencies for MBR-MF and MBR-UF were found as 86±9% and 55±24%, respectively. At the polishing step, RO performance after scenario-A indicated that the 99.6% COD and complete color remov-al was achieved. On the other hand, in the scenario-B, the COD removal efficiencies for MBR-MF and MBR-UF were found as 41±16.4% and 24±18.3%, respectively. RO experiments with raw wastewater indi-cated that the 99.6% COD and complete color removal were achieved. The most crucial problem during direct MBR operation was found as a foaming problem and prevented by anti-foaming agent which caused an increase in effluent COD concentration and chemical cost. For these reasons, it can be concluded that MBR operation with anaerobically pre-treated was more effective than the other scenario.

İnce boşluklu (hollow fiber (HF)) ultrafiltrasyon (UF) membranların dış yüzeyi, arayüzey polimerizasyon metodu ile ince film kaplanarak, nanofiltrasyon (NF) membranlar üretilmiştir. Farklı monomerlerin ve bekletme sürelerinin membran performansı üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi için üretimde iki farklı monomer, (m-fenilen diamin (MPD) ve piperazin (PIP)) kullanılmış ve açil klorid monomeri için (trimezoil klorid (TMC)) farklı temas süreleri (2 dk, 1 dk ve 30 sn) uygulanmıştır. Üretilen membranların karakteristiği ve performansları SEM görüntüleri, saf su geçirgenlikleri, temas açısı, yüzey pürüzlülüğü, tuz tutunumu (MgSO4 ve NaCl) ve akı verileri incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Membranların SEM görüntüleri, tüm üretim koşullarında ince film tabakasının oluştuğunu göstermiştir. Yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerinde MPD monomerinin, PIP monomerine göre daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. En iyi geçirgenlik değeri TMC için uygulanan bekletme sürelerine bağlı olarak farklılık (PIP için TMC (2 dk), MPD için TMC (1 dk)) göstermiştir. Farklı amin monomerler kullanılarak üretilen membranlar dört farklı basınç altında (3, 6, 9, 12 bar) işletilmiştir. PIP monomeri ile üretilen membranlarda daha yüksek tuz akıları ve giderim verimleri elde edilmiştir. % 50 ve üzerinde MgSO4 giderimi, % 2 PIP, % 0.13 TMC (2 dk ve 1 dk), ve % 2 MPD, % 0.13 TMC (2 dk ve 30 sn) olan membranlarda izlenmiştir. NaCl gideriminde ise en yüksek verim (% 39.6), % 2 MPD, % 0.13 TMC (30 sn) ile üretilen membranlarda elde edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre giderilecek tuz cinsine bağlı olarak uygulanacak NF membranın farklılık gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.