AqpZ reconstituted proteoliposomes integrated into polyamide matrix using different ultrafiltration support membranes successfully with a performance increase of 12 times.
Highlights
Data and models were reviewed to estimate energy consumption in potable water reuse.
Entire reuse schemes, both direct and indirect, require 1.2 to 2.1 kWh/m
3
.
Lowest-energy options include non-RO indirect and RO-based direct potable reuse.
Potable reuse requires much less energy than seawater desalination.
Pipe network updates and high-permeability membranes would reduce energy use.
This study is focused on identifying the combined effects of fabrication conditions and casting mixture composition on the properties of hollow fiber (HF) membranes. Three variables evaluated are air gap ( = 0cm and 2.5cm); coagulation bath temperature ( = 25°C; 35°C; 45°C) and molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW PVP = 10kDa; 40kDa; 65kDa; 360kDa; 1000kDa). Prepared HF membranes were characterized in terms of specific permeate flux;surface morphology, charge and hydrophilicity; bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection, Young modulus, and resistance to fouling by BSA. We illustrate that both higher and higher MW PVP are required to achieve optimal membrane morphology and performance.
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