In pregnancy, complex alterations occur in lipid metabolism. Percent change in TG is affected positively by the nutrition level. The neonatal weight also increases as well but postnatal weight is unaffected. Conversely TG levels significantly decrease in preterm birth. No association between preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus with lipid profile changes were noted except in patients with glucose intolerance (>140 mg/dl in 50 g screening test) in which change in cholesterol, LDL was low and TG was high.

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Lower urinary tract symptoms are commonly seen among pregnant women and these symptoms negatively affect the quality of life of pregnant women. Advanced age, smoking and multiparity were risk factors associated with urinary incontinence and LUTS. Obstetricians should be on the lookout for individual urological problems in pregnancy. Resolving any urological issues and cessation of smoking for the affected individuals will help alleviate the problem.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common causes of female infertility. It affects nearly 5-10% of young women. It is characterized by the presence of hirsutism, acne, anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and infertility [1]. Many mechanisms have been reported to be responsible for the pathophysiology of PCOS. The condition is thought to be determined by complex interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functions and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and compensatory hyperinsulinemia [2]. PCOS increases the prevalence of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [3], increasing thus the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases [4].Nesfatin-1 (N1) is derived from nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2), which is encoded by the NUCB2 gene. It is a newly identified peptide that has 82 amino acids [5]. It is released from several tissues including forebrain, hindbrain, brainstem, spinal cord, adipose tissues [6]. It has an anorexigenic effect and plays an important role in hypothalamic pathways such as regulating food intake, energy homeostasis, water intake, and body temperature [7,8]. In addition, it exerts cardiovascular and hypertensive effects [9]. It is closely related to glucose, insulin metabolism, and IR [5,10]. Several studies have demonstrated N1 to be associated with body mass index (BMI), IR, inflammatory stimulation in diabetes, hypertension, and PCOS [9][10][11]. It may also affect the control of the reproduction system, e.g. puberty onset and gonadotropin secretion [12]. ABSTRACTObesity, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hyperandrogenism may lead to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hypertension. Nesfatin-1 (N1) may be related to IR, obesity, and hypertension. Furthermore, a vitamin D (VD) deficiency is associated with hypertension and PCOS. We aimed to investigate N1 and VD levels in PCOS that have an effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). This study included 54 patients with PCOS and 48 age-body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls. PCOS was diagnosed according to clinical practice guidelines. Ferriman-Gallwey scores (FGS) were calculated, while N1, VD, and other hormonal and biochemical parameters were measured for all subjects. Systolic and diastolic BP was measured as well. HR was calculated using an electrocardiogram. The levels of N1 (p < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p = 0.036), homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.001), systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.001) BP and HR (p < 0.001) in the PCOS group were significantly higher than in the control group. However, the VD levels of the PCOS group were lower than the control group (p = 0.004). N1 had a strong positive correlation with BMI, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, luteinizing hormone, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR. VD levels were negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and luteinizing hormone. Elevated N1 and decreased VD levels may...

Suction curettage is a viable alternative for conservative treatment in selected cases of patients who are diagnosed with CSP early in gestation and who have a myometrial thickness of more than 4.5 mm.