Incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in northwest Russia is considerably higher than in developed countries. Increased incidence in recent years may be attributed to increased screening.
Background: Epidemiology of cervical cancer is relatively well studied in developed countries of the world, but little is known about Central Asian states. This study aimed to analyze the changing patterns of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: The statistical analysis of official data on cervical cancer mortality and morbidity was performed for the whole country. Data on cervical cancer patients were retrieved for the period 2007-2016. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer among the population of Kazakhstan from 15.24 per 100,000 in 2007 to 18.83 per 100,000 in 2016. This might be attributed to the introduction of national health program in 2011, which improved early identification. Over the last few years, the decreasing cervical cancer mortality is observed influenced by early diagnosis. The age-standardized incidence rates show that the majority of cervical cancer cases occur in the 40-49 yr age group. Conclusion: The incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Kazakhstan in 2007-2016 are comparable with those in the neighboring former Soviet Union countries. Significant variations in incidence and mortality rates and one-year cancer-specific survival were observed between country regions.
Background: Epidemiology of male reproductive cancers (MRC) is relatively well studied in developed world nations, but little is known about Central Asian states. We aimed to analyze the changing trends for incidence, mortality and 5-year survival MRC across provinces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data obtained from the Kazakhstan Cancer Registry, which serves as a nationwide database for all histologically confirmed cancer cases. From this, information on all male patients with prostate (PCa) and testicular cancers (TCa) was retrieved for the period from 2010 to 2019. The statistical analysis of official data on incidence, survival, and mortality rates was performed for both the whole country and its provinces. Results: There was a substantial instability of PCa incidence rates, attributed to the execution of screening program from 2013 to 2017. Still, there was a lack of variations in TCa incidence rates. However, PCa screening program had no influence on reduction of mortality rates, which remained relatively stable. There is much heterogeneity between country’s provinces in incidence and mortality rates. TCa patients were younger than PCa patients and had better 5-year survival. Conclusion: As compared with many other countries, Kazakhstani men with PCa and TCa have poorer five-year survival, which requires further investigation. Moreover, a careful analysis of diagnostic and treatment strategies utilized at different hospitals across the country would be highly desirable.
Background: One of the obstacles to participating in CRC screening is the lack of knowledge about the importance of CRC, its risk factors and the benefits that can be obtained through screening. The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness and to identify the barriers to colorectal cancer screening among the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study based on questionnaire, which was conducted in different regions of Kazakhstan from 2020 to 2021. This study involved 486 respondents. The survey was conducted both personally and using a web questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed independently, taking into account international results and experience, and was validated. Results: 486 participants were included in this study. Out of 486 who participated: 245 (50.04%) did not know whether CRC can occur without symptoms, 259 (53.3%) did not know that the disease is widespread, 232 (47.7%) believed that the disease is curable, 276 (56.8%) believed that CRC is a fatal disease. 357 (73.5%) participants responded that screening can provide timely and effective treatment of CRC. 57.4% of respondents did not agree that the CRC screening procedure is ineffective. However, they had obstacles to screening, such as: fear of getting CRC in the future 298 people (61.3%); and receiving unfavorable results during the examination of 291 people (59.9%). 317 people (65.2%) indicated that their ignorance of CRC was also an obstacle to screening. Conclusion:The results of the study indicate a lack of knowledge about the perception of CRC, participants' perception of risk factors, signs and symptoms of CRC and screening methods. And the main obstacles to screening are: fear of getting unfavorable results during screening; fear of getting sick in the future; and lack of knowledge about CRC.
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