Background The aim of the current study was to search the effect of COVID‐19 restriction on developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH) screening. Material and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the patients who brought to DDH screening in April‐May and June‐July 2020 and compared with the same period of 2019. We recorded age, gender, DDH type and risk factors of the patients. Results The number of patients taken for DDH screening was 430 and 400 in April‐May 2019 and June‐July 2019, respectively. In 2020, the number of patients taken for DDH screening was 159 and 776 in the same period, respectively. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with DDH older than 3 months age in June‐July 2020. There were only two patients in same period in 2019. In 2020, 6 of 13 patients who applied to the hospital late for the routine US and had pathologic hips were not taken to orthopaedics or follow‐up by their families. Conclusion In the era of COVID‐19, the number of late diagnosis and lost follow‐up for DDH are increased. To prevent future morbidities and reduce surgical interventions, special measures should be taken.

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Background/Aim: The gold standard in the diagnosis of VUR (vesicoureteral reflux) is voiding cystouretrography (VCUG), but it is an invasive test with risk of radiation. The aim of the study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of VUR. Methods: 760 kidneys of 380 patients were examined in this cohort study. The patients were grouped by three age groups; 0-2, 3-5 and 6-17 years old. US reports included the data of anteroposterior renal pelvic diameter (APRPD), kidney parenchyma, kidney size, and the size of ureters. For all age groups, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were evaluated separately in two circumstances; APRPD is accepted pathologic when >5 mm and >10 mm. Results: A correlation was found between VCUG and US results in all age groups (P<0.001). When pathologic APRPD was accepted as >5 mm, sensitivity, specifity and NPV of US were 86.99%, 60.26% and 88.13% respectively, regardless of age. In contrast, when pathologic APRPD was >10 mm, sensitivity, specifity and NPV were 79.45%, 79.91% and 71.17%, respectively. Sensitivity and NPV of US were found highest in group of 0-2 age. Conclusion:If US are performed by radiologists experienced in the pediatric urinary system US and if it includes other parameters with APRPD, it will guide for VCUG in the diagnosis of VUR. Thus, radiation exposure can be minimalized in clinical practice.

Objective: Although renal transplantation (RT) is the first treatment option for children with end-stage renal failure, the number of transplanted chil- dren remains low compared to adults. Experience of the individual pediatric transplant center is very important in the prognosis of pediatric transplant recipients. In this study, our pediatric RT experience was presented. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 27 patients who had RT in our clinic between April 2009 and April 2019. Results: Fifteen of the patients were males, and mean age of all patients was 12.36 ± 4.18 years (range 4-17 years). The most frequent etiology for end- stage renal disease (ESRD) was vesicourethral reflux. Eighteen (66.7%) of the transplanted kidneys came from cadaveric donors and 9 (33.3%) from live donors. One patient had preemptive RT and one patient had a re-RT. Twenty-two patients were on peritoneal dialysis program and four patients were on hemodialysis program. Mean dialysis time before transplantation was 29 (3-104) months. Bleeding was the most common surgical complication. Delayed graft function developed in four patients, and all of their grafts were from cadaveric donors. Rejection developed in 12 of our patients, graft loss was observed in only four of them. Considering all patients, graft survival rates were 100% in the 1st and 3rd years, and 92% in the 5th year. Conclusion: Pediatric RT program is difficult to establish, maintain and develop. Complications after transplantation are not uncommon; therefore, early detection and appropriate management are needed. Strategies are still needed to increase post-transplant success.

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Çocuklarda idrar yolu enfeksiyonunun erken tanı ve tedavisi önemli olup küçük çocuklarda nonspesifik bulgulardan dolayı klinik tanı zorlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; çocuk hastalarda ultrasonografi (USG) sırasında rastlanan mesane debrisinin, pozitif idrar kültürü birlikteliğini araştırıp idrar yolu enfeksiyonu (İYE) tanısına katkısını saptamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Şubat 2017-Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasında USG yapılan çocuk hastaların retrospektif incelemesi yapıldı. USG raporları mesanede seviye oluşturan ve seviye oluşturmayan debris açısından incelendi. Daha önce İYE tanısı ve tedavisi alan hastalar ile genitoüriner sistem anomalisi olan hastalar (hidronefroz, VUR, nörojen mesane vb.) çalışma dışında tutuldu. Yaşları 0-11 arasında olan 93 tane idrar kültürü (İK) bulunan debrisli hasta tespit edildi ve aynı yaş aralığında USG'si normal olup idrar kültürü çalışılan 50 tane kontrol hastasıyla karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Mesanede debris bulunan 93 hasta seviye olup olmamasına göre iki gruba ayrıldı. Grup 1'de 21 tane seviye oluşturan debrisli hasta mevcuttu. Grup 2'de ise 72 tane yüzen debrisli hasta vardı. Elli hastadan oluşan kontrol hasta grubu ise grup 3 olarak isimlendirildi. Multipl lojistik regresyon analizine göre; seviye oluşturan debrisli hastalarda ve yüzen debrisli hastalarda kontrol grubuna göre pozitif idrar kültürü oranında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış saptandı. Ancak seviye oluşturan debrisli hastalarda + İK oranındaki artış daha yüksekti.

INTRODUCTION: The motion of water particles within biological tissues, which is called random Brownian motion, is detected at the microscopic level by Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) sequence of Magnetic Resonance Image technique. The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) calculated on DWI has been used for tumor diagnosis and grading. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of ADC values in the differential diagnosis of supratentorial and infratentorial pediatric brain tumors and to reveal the difference of peritumoral ADC measurements of pediatric patients from adult patients. METHODS: All of the 56 pediatric patients included in this retrospective study had lesions >1 cm in diameter on magnetic resonance image and all of the diagnosies were confirmed by histopathology. Intratumoral and peritumoral ADC values and ratios were measured in diffusion weighted Magnetic Resonance Image. RESULTS: The 58.9% (n=33) of these tumors were supratentorial and 41.1% (n=23) were infratentorial. ADC values and ADC ratios were significantly lower in high-grade tumors than low-grade tumors (p<0.05). Peritumoral ADC values in high-grade tumors were lower than low grade tumors (p<0.05). The cut-off value of the ADC ratio between these two groups was 1 and the ADC cut-off value was 1.1*10-3 mm2/s. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the differentiation of low and high-grade pediatric brain tumors, cut-off values of 1.1*10_3mm2/s for ADC Value and 1.0 for ADC Ratio may be useful. Although, peritumoral ADC values differ in children compared to the adult group, both intratumoral and peritumoral ADC values can help for grading pediatric brain tumors.