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Recently, the need for health care services has increased gradually and the limitations in sources allocated for this area have been recognized. Moving from this fact, it has gained a supreme importance to determine what health programs or technologies will be given priority. According to Danzon (Reference pricing: theory and evidence, reference pricing and pharmaceutical policy: perspectives on economics and innovation, springer, New York, pp 86–126, 2001), arrangements towards controlling the expenses through price and profit controls, reimbursement methods and incentives have recently gained wide currency. This present study examines; along with the current situation in Turkey, pharmaceutical pricing methods, reimbursement methods and basic health indicators, within the scope of changing pharmaceutical policies, in Turkey, the EU countries which Turkey takes as reference and the United Kingdom, the implementations of which are of utmost importance for other countries. Upon the research conducted, it was detected that the pharmaceutical pricing in Turkey has been performed on the basis of the reference pricing system that takes Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and France as reference. The regulations regarding the reimbursement process are determined by SSI. For Turkey’s case; pricing and reimbursement system has been changed numerous times and the discount rates has incrementally risen. In pricing, on the other hand, during this period companies faced with difficulties in economic terms because of the fact that price discount of high rates are implemented over the reference price and that the European currency of Euro is determined as 70% of previous year average Euro sales rate which is 2,1166 for the year 2016. Each country has specific regulations and pricing and reimbursement policies of medicines based on economic situation, reimbursement methods and market size. The aim of pricing and reimbursement systems are reaching more efficient and sustainable healthcare systems.

ÖZET

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Social change and changing needs of today's people bring about a service concept that includes both prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs (over the counter medicines and parapharmaceuticals) are offered to clients. Community pharmacists who are the most accessible healthcare providers begin to focus on selling (parapharmaceuticals) non-pharmaceutical medicinal products (NPMPs) that are seen more profitable and require less bureaucratic processes. Assuming that the dilemmas often experienced by community pharmacists between the "businessman" and "healthcare giver" roles could affect their attitudes and opinions about NPMPs. The study, which is designed from this point of departure, is aimed at revealing the opinions of community pharmacists about NPMPs, their knowledge NPMPs and their attitudes such as sales of these products and their policy arrangements. A face to face questionnaire was distributed to 244 community pharmacists in Ankara. According to the results, it was determined that the rate of NPMP sales in total turnover and the pharmacy settlement affect the opinions and attitudes on the subject of the community pharmacists. Most of the pharmacists' "business owner" roles have been shown to influence their attitudes towards drugs and NPMPs, whether their NPMP sales are excessive or not.

Education is one of the areas affected by COVID-19. The authorities in Turkey responded fast to COVID-19 with the continuation of distance learning in higher education after 13 days of the first case. It was the first time pharmacy schools provided distance learning in Turkey. Although, in the beginning, there were some problems, students and academic staff adopted an online platform in a few weeks. Surveys completed by students and academic staff demonstrated that distance learning could provide opportunities for students such as easy access to lecture notes and repetition of lectures, and for academic staff improved working environment, flexibility and time-saving. However, both students and academic staff do not agree that face-to-face education should be replaced with distance learning. Using online platforms for distance learning in response to COVID-19 has enlightened faculty in terms of adopting new technology and educational techniques in lectures.