Recently, the need for health care services has increased gradually and the limitations in sources allocated for this area have been recognized. Moving from this fact, it has gained a supreme importance to determine what health programs or technologies will be given priority. According to Danzon (Reference pricing: theory and evidence, reference pricing and pharmaceutical policy: perspectives on economics and innovation, springer, New York, pp 86–126, 2001), arrangements towards controlling the expenses through price and profit controls, reimbursement methods and incentives have recently gained wide currency. This present study examines; along with the current situation in Turkey, pharmaceutical pricing methods, reimbursement methods and basic health indicators, within the scope of changing pharmaceutical policies, in Turkey, the EU countries which Turkey takes as reference and the United Kingdom, the implementations of which are of utmost importance for other countries. Upon the research conducted, it was detected that the pharmaceutical pricing in Turkey has been performed on the basis of the reference pricing system that takes Italy, Portugal, Spain, Greece and France as reference. The regulations regarding the reimbursement process are determined by SSI. For Turkey’s case; pricing and reimbursement system has been changed numerous times and the discount rates has incrementally risen. In pricing, on the other hand, during this period companies faced with difficulties in economic terms because of the fact that price discount of high rates are implemented over the reference price and that the European currency of Euro is determined as 70% of previous year average Euro sales rate which is 2,1166 for the year 2016. Each country has specific regulations and pricing and reimbursement policies of medicines based on economic situation, reimbursement methods and market size. The aim of pricing and reimbursement systems are reaching more efficient and sustainable healthcare systems.
The inhaler pharmaceutical market has grown over the years, and this growth will continue in the future. The increased use of short-acting preparations, which should be used as symptom relievers, indicates that treatment management continues to be inadequate.
Objective Turkey's health reforms started in 2003 with providing changes in regulatory, financing, and healthcare services. Access to health care and pharmaceuticals increased rapidly, and this resulted with an increase in public pharmaceutical expenditures. Our study aims to quantify and to evaluate the impact of a specific process within the Turkish system called “Medicines Brought From Abroad" (MBFA). Methods We reviewed the general reimbursement legislations of Social Security Institution (SSI), the guideline on MBFA, the SSI reimbursement list, the list of MBFA published by the Ministry of Health to describe the current supply mechanism of medicines and, in particular, the role of MBFA. Results Total costs of the of MBFA medicines over the period 2011–17 went up to more than $520 million, which takes 7.5 percent of total public pharmaceutical expenditure for 2017. Our results showed that MBFA provides access to many orphan drugs and in total, forty-two orphan drugs listed in MBFA accounted for 83 percent of all MBFA budget in the year 2017. Nine of the top ten MBFA medicines were orphan drugs and total costs were $408 million. The highest budget impact was for eculizumab for “paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria” (PNH), covering 31 percent of total MBFA costs and 2.3 percent of overall drug costs in 2017. Conclusions Turkey faced significant challenges for creating an access pathway for innovative medicines while continuing the sustainability of the public pharmaceutical budget like many other countries. Therefore, it may be argued that Turkey needs to create an independent health technology assessment organization to provide sustainable access to medicines in the future.
Background:The widespread use of generic medicines in Turkey will reduce pressure on the budgetary burden resulting from new treatments and facilitate access for more patients. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effects of the new generic drugs on the equivalent market in Turkey. The objective of the paper is to study the effects of generic entry on the price of the original drug and show the generic competition with increased number of generic drugs in Turkish Pharmaceutical Market. Materials and Methods:We evaluated 46 equivalent groups and 256 medicines. We assessed the groups that generic equivalents of original products market entry after January 2007 for ten years period in Turkey. Unit prices (TL) were calculated with using monthly sales (TL) and monthly unit sales quantities obtained from Quintiles and Intercontinental Marketing Statistics database. In order to calculate the generic market entry effect in each generic equivalent group, we calculated the 12-month average unit price of original drug before first generic entry and we calculated the 12-month average unit price of original drug after the first generic entry. Results:We observed that in this study, 39 original products average prices decrease was 25.85% [standard deviation (SD±10.2%) and 10 products average price increase was 5.59% (SD±6.3) when a generic medicine first appeared in the market. On the evaluated equivalent groups, the original drug prices were significantly decreased when the generic drugs entered to the market. Conclusion:This paper concerns the impact of generic competition on the market unit price ratio of original drugs and has shown that the effects of new generic entrance to market on original drug unit price are significant and enduring. But this effect ends with the entry of 6 th generic drug. Therefore, if there are more than 6 generics there will be no more price drops.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.