Herein, new prototypes of a dry cell and an H2 generator are designed to produce hydrogen and HHO (oxyhydrogen) gas, and the effect of a magnetic field on both systems is examined. Experiments are conducted in both systems; a 3.5% potassium hydroxide electrolyte is chosen because it is an alkaline type of solution with a high dissociation rate. NdFeB magnets with magnetic fluxes of 1.2 and 1.6 T are added to both systems to reveal the effect of the Lorentz force on gas production. The flow rates of HHO gas in the productions under 1.2 and 1.6 T in the HHO system are 680 and 730 ml min−1, respectively. These values show that the flow velocities were 15.4% (1.2 T) and 23% (1.6 T) greater, respectively than the values recorded without a magnetic field (MF). Additionally, the percentage of hydrogen production increased by 4% for 1.2 T and 11% for 1.6 T compared to the measured value without the MF. In addition, production costs are calculated for both systems in the study: the energy required to obtain the same flow rate as the comparison examples in the literature was lower.
As a result of its electron-deficient nature, boron is utilized as the building block of ionic liquids (ILs) in energy applications (EAs) by composing a number of anions, cations, and negatively charged clusters chemically, electrochemically, and thermally. Anionic boron clusters, for example, feature distinctive polycentric bonding and are an important component of low-viscosity room temperature ILs (RTILs) utilized in electrochemical devices. In this context, recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of boron-containing ILs and various materials derived from them provide a powerful opportunity for further investigation in the field of energy research to improve and develop the properties of these boron-based ILs (BBILs). This review has provided a brief summary of boron atom or molecule-based ILs with unique features that make them ideal candidates for particular EAs. This perspective can guide further research and development of the unique properties of green and halogen-free BBILs.
In this study, a new electrolysis melt reactor for large-scale and low-temperature production amorphous elemental boron powders (ABP) equipped with a rotating star cathode electrode in a graphite crucible, which decreases the homogenization time of the boron salts is reported. The electrochemical deposition system has designed to produce high-purity ABP up to 25 kg capacity for a different combination of various salts in different percentage ranges in accordance with commercial production. One of the innovations of the system, the star type iron cathode is rotated bidirectionally and positioned up and down when desired, thanks to the movement transmission shaft. After the design of the melted reactor, ABP has produced using certain proportions of KCl, KBF4, and B2O3 salts. As a result, the melting time of KCl, KBF4, and B2O3 mixed salts was 3.7 h, and the production took place at a low temperature of 480 degrees. The highest cathode current density in production was measured as 1.083 A cm−2. The analyses revealed that an amorphous structured high purity (95.6%) elemental boron (B) particles were produced. The morphology and chemical composition of the highest purity B has characterized using XRD, SEM, EDS, and FTIR analysis.
This study evaluated the relationship between access to modern energy systems and the social-economic situation of households who live in urban zones Turkey. As a case study, in Yalova province in western Turkey, has been chosen the socio-economic and educational conditions of the households who can access clean energy services have investigated. For this purpose, we have conducted a survey covering Yalova urban areas. Results of the statistical calculations, the sample size was determined with a 6.7% acceptable error rate and a 95% confidence level, and as a result, it was seen that 214 households should be surveyed. Our results indicate the level of access of households living in Yalova to modern energy systems was changed according to their income level and education. In the city center, where access to electricity is not lacking, it has been observed that the inadequacy of households in access to electricity is only due to income difference. It has been considered that fossil fuels and derivatives are mostly consumed by low-income and low-education households. Based on this, it can be said that access to clean energy systems will increase as the income level increases, and the education level increases.
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