Les eaux souterraines du socle altéré et fissurédu bassin de l’Olézoa, dans le centre-sud du Cameroun,assurent l'alimentation en eau d’une partie importante despopulations environnantes. Cependant, les caractéristiqueshydrogéologiques de ces aquifères de socle restent malconnues. La présente étude constitue une premièreapproche pour caractériser et mieux appréhender lastructure et le fonctionnement de ces aquifères de socle. Elleest fondée sur la description des profils pédologiques,des investigations structurales, le suivi de l’hydrométrieet de la piézométrie. Les résultatspréliminaires montrent que le profil d’altérationest de type polyphasé similaire à ceux des autresformations granito-gneissiques du monde soumises aux cyclesd’altération et d’érosion. On est enprésence d’une altération ancienne (10 à 20m d’épaisseur) issue du démantèlement dessystèmes latéritiques et d’une altérationrécente (2 à 3 m d’épaisseur)développée sur substratum sain. Le profil présenteen outre des microreliefs d’altération dont ladistribution spatiale peut influencer très localement ladynamique des écoulements. Cette dynamique est similaireà ce qui est généralement observé au seindes formations de socle, sous-climat tropical humide. Lescaractéristiques hydrométriques etpiézométriques indiquent que l’aquifèreprésente, par endroits, des zones fortementhétérogènes. La structuration tectonique anciennecontrôle l’orientation du réseau hydrographique.Ainsi, le modelé du paysage, qui est façonné parle réseau hydrographique, est à l’origine desécoulements souterrains d’amont en aval conforme auxgrandes lignes de la topographie. La distribution de cesécoulements montre l’influence possible despropriétés physiques et hydrauliques des terrains enamont du puits sur les systèmes d’écoulementssouterrains. Cette étude contribue à la connaissance dela structure et du fonctionnement hydrodynamique des aquifèresdu socle. Elle montre des liens structurels avec les autresaquifères décrits dans le monde et desspécificités régionales qui influencentl’hydrodynamisme du socle altéré et fissuré.The ground water of the altered and fissured basement of the Olezoawatershed in Centre-South Cameroon provides water to its surroundingpopulation. However, the hydrogeological characteristics of thesebasement aquifers have not yet been well studied. The present study isan attempt to better comprehend the structure and functioning of thesebasement aquifers. It mainly focuses on the description of soilprofiles, structural investigations, as well as hydrometric andpiezometric follow-ups. Preliminary results indicate that the soilprofile is of a polyphase type similar to others observed in otherparts of the world, particularly those developed on granito-gneissicformations, exposed to weathering and erosion. This is an ancientweathering system (10-20 m thick) derived from the degradation oflateritic systems and a more recent weathering (2-3 m thick) developedon the fresh rock. In addition, the profile contains alterationmicroreliefs, the spatial distribution of which can lo...
Contamination analysis of the unsaturated zone requires information on the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity. Two types of hydraulic tests (variable and constant charge) were identified to estimate the spatial variability of the hydraulic conductivity of the surface portion of the unsaturated zone in the Olezoa watershed. These tests were performed on 100 holes at depths ranging between 50 and 90 cm, spread throughout the watershed. The hydraulic conductivity values obtained at 50 and 90 cm are close to the absolute value for each method. However, they show a difference of 10 −1 m/s between the two types of test regardless of the depth of investigation. The representation of data in the graph indicates a staircase quartile distribution for the variable charge test. The test at constant charge, rather presents a log normal distribution which is also supported by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Hydraulic conductivities have a random component and a spatial organization which results from soil and/or morphological factors. This organization thus permits the distinction of zones which could show high pollution risk.
This paper examines the spatial and temporal variability of the mean annual precipitation in the Northern Cameroon on the context of climate change during the time period 1950-2013. The study used homogeneous monthly and annual precipitations database of twenty-five stations located in the Northern Cameroon and Southern Chad Republic. Geostatisticals interpolation methods (Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting method) associated with Digital Elevation Model were used to establish the spatial distribution of annuals precipitations. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope method were performed to determine respectively trend and magnitude. The result indicates a spatial distribution of precipitation mainly determined by the topography and the geography of the study area. The trend analysis shows a decrease of annual average precipitation across the Northern Cameroon at a rate of −0.568 mm/year over the time period 1950-2013. The magnitude of decreasing trends ranged between 0.11 and 3.92 mm/year. Statistically significant decreasing trends at the 95% level of confidence were noted at 10% while 5% of stations showed statistically significant increasing. However, 60% of stations indicate a decreasing trend. Monthly analysis of rainfall shows a decreasing trend during June and September while July and August present an increasing trend.
The determination of the processes responsible for the mineralization of groundwater requires a large number of samples and physicochemical data, the treatment of which proves to be tedious. Many statistical methods are developed to facilitate the treatment of a certain volume of data. In this study, multivariate statistical analysis including principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) have been applied on the groundwater physicochemical data of the upper Kambo watershed. The aim is to simplify the data in order to evaluate the relationships between the parameters and also to detect the factors that influence the water chemistry. For the PCA, three factors were retained representing 70% of the total inertia. Factor 1 shows the heterogeneity of sources of acquisition of the mineralization by the positive correlation with all the variables. Factor 2 indicates the dissolution of carbonates and anthropogenic input. Factor 3 highlights the silicate, anthropogenic and atmospheric or marine origin. The HCA enables to differentiate 4 groups of water according to the degree of mineralization. Groups 1 and 2 represent the most mineralized waters, dominated by calcium. The poor mineralized waters are groups 3 and 4 with the rather close contents in calcium and sodium.
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