The objective of this study was use green papaya peel, in order to evaluate the chemical and functional properties after drying at different temperatures, and to evaluate the sensory acceptability of breads added with flour from the green papaya peel. With the production of green papaya flour (PGPF), the physical, chemical and sensory properties of bread with partial addition of PGPF were evaluated. In the physical evaluation, the values of mass, before and after baking, height and expansion factor were determined. In the chemical evaluation, moisture, protein, ether extract, fibers, antioxidant activity, phenols, ash and color were determined. In the sensory analysis, 41 tasters, of both gender, performed the sensory test of a hedonic scale of nine points. Sample acceptability was assessed for sensory attributes, color, flavor, consistency and overall appearance. The tasters evaluated the breads and demonstrated greater acceptability for those who did not add PGPF. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the best level of inclusion that does not provide a bitter taste, since PGPF would add nutritional value to breads due to the high protein and fiber content.

The objective of this study was (i) to analyze antibiotic residues, two which were beta-lactam antibiotics, one tetracycline, and one quinolone in the milk of lactating animals; (ii) to evaluate the interference of the drug ceftiofur which is considered as discard-zero. The SNAPduo™ ST Plus kit was used to evaluate the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics and tetracyclines in natural milk. Medications based on penicillin, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline were used. As expected, the milk from control animals and animals administered with enrofloxacin did not present antibiotic residue because it is not one of the classes detected by the SNAPduo™ ST Plus kit, and thus it was used to prove the efficiency of the test. Ceftiofur, known as a “discard-zero” antibiotic, tested positive for the SNAPduo™ ST Plus kit and the BetaStar Combo® “S” test. Chemical residues were detected in cow’s milk treated with different groups of antibiotics after the withdrawal time indicated in the package inserts of the medicines used.

Milk production and quality are influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition, genetic factors such as breed and physiological. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of lactation stage, delivery order and genetic group on the quality of milk from crossbred cows 3/4 Gyr, 7/8 Gyr and 15/16 Gyr. Fresh milk samples were collected from crossbred cows. Fat, protein, lactose, non fat dry extract (NDE) and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk according to lactation stage, delivery order of calving and genetic groups were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized. Tukey test at 5% probability was used. Animals at the final third of lactation (201 to 305 days) showed higher fat, protein, NDE and SCC levels when compared to animals of other lactation stages. First delivery animals produced milk with higher content of solids compared to animals with 2 deliveries and above three deliveries. First calving the animals produced milk with higher solids content compared to animals with two calving and above three calving. Fat, protein and NDE results of fresh milk were consistent with limits established by the Brazilian legislation for milk quality, regardless of lactation stage, delivery order of calving and genetic group. Milk SCC was higher in cows in advanced lactation stage, The results were however below limits required by law. 3/4 crossbred Gyr cows showed higher SCC, with average values above limit established by current legislation.

Dairy farmers strive to meet industry quality standards, the industry focuses on the quality of the raw material for higher yield and quality of dairy product. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bulk transportation, storage and milking system on the quality of refrigerated milk. Overall, 548 samples of refrigerated milk were collected, 312 from bulk tanks (individual and collective) and (manual and mechanical milking), 143 from tank cars and 93 from industrial silos. Mean values of proximate composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), were compared in relation to different milking systems (manual and mechanical), type of producer (individual and collective) for these comparisons and for physicochemical analyses, total bacterial count and somatic cell count in different collections, the Tukey test at 5% significance level was used. It was observed that 40% of milk samples from bulk tanks, 69.93% of samples from tank cars and 62.36% of samples from industrial silos had SCC over 500,000 SC / ml. There was an increase of TBC from the bulk collection of milk on the farm up to the arrival of milk in the processing industry. Refrigerated milk stored in individual or collective bulk tanks obtained by manual or mechanical milking had to be adjusted to standards required by Normative Instruction number 62 of December 2011. Education and training measures such as hygienic milk collection, cleaning of milking equipment, proper implementation of mastitis control programs and refrigeration of the post-milking raw material must be adopted aiming at improving the quality of refrigerated milk.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a frequência alimentar de alevinos e frequência alimentar e taxa de arraçoamento para juvenis de piavuçu Leporinus macrocephalus. Foram utilizados 250 alevinos de piavuçu (2,40±0,25g), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 25 tanques (200 litros de volume útil), com dez peixes/tanque. Foram avaliados, cinco frequências alimentares sendo: 8h; 8 e 17h; 17h; 8, 14 e 17h; e 8, 11, 14 e 17h, com cinco repetições. 360 juvenis (6,44±1,97g) foram distribuídos em 24 tanques de 200 circulares de 200 litros de água, com fundo cônico, com quinze peixes/tanque. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial (2x4x3), com duas frequências alimentares (8h; e 8 e 17 h), quatro taxas de arraçoamento (3, 6, 9 e 12%) e três repetições. Não foram observadas influência (p>0,05) para os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e composição centesimal da carcaça dos alevinos. Para frequências alimentares dos juvenis, foi observado somente influência (p<0,05) para o fator de condição. Com relação a taxa de arraçoamento foi observado influência (p<0,05) para o peso final, ganho de peso, comprimento final, fator de condição, consumo de rações, conversão alimentar aparente. A frequência alimentar não influencia no desempenho dos alevinos, porém, recomenda-se 6% de arraçoamento de juvenis de piavuçu L. macrocephalus independentemente da frequência alimentar adotada, por proporcionar melhores resultados de ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a frequência alimentar de alevinos e frequência alimentar e taxa de arraçoamento para juvenis de piavuçu Leporinus macrocephalus. Foram utilizados 250 alevinos de piavuçu (2,40±0,25g), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 25 tanques (200 litros de volume útil), com dez peixes/tanque. Foram avaliados, cinco frequências alimentares sendo: 8h; 8 e 17h; 17h; 8, 14 e 17h; e 8, 11, 14 e 17h, com cinco repetições. 360 juvenis (6,44±1,97g) foram distribuídos em 24 tanques de 200 circulares de 200 litros de água, com fundo cônico, com quinze peixes/tanque. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial (2x4x3), com duas frequências alimentares (8h; e 8 e 17 h), quatro taxas de arraçoamento (3, 6, 9 e 12%) e três repetições. Não foram observadas influência (p>0,05) para os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e composição centesimal da carcaça dos alevinos. Para frequências alimentares dos juvenis, foi observado somente influência (p<0,05) para o fator de condição. Com relação a taxa de arraçoamento foi observado influência (p<0,05) para o peso final, ganho de peso, comprimento final, fator de condição, consumo de rações, conversão alimentar aparente. A frequência alimentar não influencia no desempenho dos alevinos, porém, recomenda-se 6% de arraçoamento de juvenis de piavuçu L. macrocephalus independentemente da frequência alimentar adotada, por proporcionar melhores resultados de ganho de peso e conversão alimentar aparente.