These data suggest that a hyaluronan containing gel has a beneficial effect in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.
Background: Paediatric reference values for novel markers of phosphate homeostasis, bone formation and resorption and their putative relationship to growth are lacking. Methods: A total of 424 healthy children, adolescents and young adults (221 males) aged 0.1-21 y, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Height, weight and height velocity were assessed. Plasma/serum samples for determination of Cterminal fragment of fibroblast growth factor-23 (cFGF-23), sclerostin, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) were available from 222, 264, 352 and 338 individuals, respectively. Calculation of crosssectional centiles and z-scores was based on median (M), standard coefficient of variation (S) and the Box-Cox power (L) of transformation (LMS method) per age cohort. Correlations between variables as well as with growth were assessed. Results: cFGF-23, BAP and TRAP5b were significantly correlated with age (each P , 0.01), with highest values during infancy and adolescence. Serum levels of BAP and TRAP5b were significantly higher in adolescent boys compared with girls (each P , 0.01). In contrast, sclerostin levels were independent of age and gender. BAP and TRAP5b were strongly correlated and both were significantly associated with cFGF-23 and sclerostin as well (each P , 0.01). cFGF-23 was positively correlated with serum phosphate and renal phosphate threshold concentration (each P , 0.01). Height, weight, body mass index and height velocity were weakly correlated with BAP and TRAP5b (each P , 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides age-and gender-related centile charts and z-scores for cFGF-23, BAP, TRAP5b and sclerostin and highlights the link between phosphate homeostasis and markers of bone metabolism during growth.
BackgroundThe alterations of subbasal nerve plexus (SBP) innervation and corneal sensation were estimated non-invasively and compared with the values in healthy volunteers. Additionally, this study addressed the relation of SBP changes to the retinal status, glycemic control and diabetes duration.Methodology/Principal FindingsEighteen eyes of diabetic patients with peripheral diabetic neuropathy aged 68.8±8.8 years and twenty eyes of healthy volunteers aged 66.3±13.3 yrs. were investigated with in vivo confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). An adapted algorithm for image analysis was used to quantify the morphological and topological properties of SBP. These properties were correlated to incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and corneal sensation (Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer). The developed algorithm allows a fully automated analysis of pre-segmented SBP structures. Altogether, 10 parameters were analysed, and all of them revealed significant differences between diabetic patients and healthy volunteers. The nerve fibre density, total fibre length and nerve branches were found to be significantly lower in patients with diabetes than those of control subjects (nerve fibre density 0.006±0.002 vs. 0.020±0.007 mm/mm2; total fibre length 6223±2419 vs. 19961±6553 µm; nerve branches 25.3±28.6 vs. 141.9±85.7 in healthy volunteers). Also the corneal sensation was significantly lower in diabetic group when compared to controls (43±11 vs. 59±18 mm). There was found no difference in SBP morphology or corneal sensation in the subgroups with (DR) or without (NDR) diabetic retinopathy.Conclusions/SignificanceSBP parameters were significantly reduced in diabetic patients, compared to control group. Interestingly, the SBP impairment could be shown even in the diabetic patients without DR. Although automatic adapted image analysis simplifies the evaluation of in vivo CLSM data, image acquisition and quantitative analysis should be optimised for the everyday clinical practice.
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