Neotropical parrots are among the most threatened groups of birds in the world, and many species are facing extinction in a near future. At the same time, the taxonomic position of many species remains unclear. Karyotype analysis has been used to elucidate the phylogenetic status of many bird groups, also providing important information for both in situ and ex situ conservation plans. The objective of the present study was to describe for the first time the karyotypes of the endangered Hyacinth Macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, and of the Hawk-headed Parrot, Deroptyus accipitrinus. A diploid number of 2n = 70 and a karyotype similar to the main pattern previously found for the genera Ara, Cyanopsitta, Aratinga, Propyrrhura, Pionites, Pionopsitta, Nandayus, and Guaruba were found for both species. These karyotype descriptions can be a starting point for the genetic monitoring of these two declining species.
The karyotypes of nine species of the family Ramphastidae were determined and compared with that of the toco toucan (Ramphastos toco), the only ramphastid karyotype so far reported in the literature. Differences in the morphology of the largest chromosomes allowed to identify three karyotype groups. The first group included the species R. toco, Baillonius bailloni, Pteroglossus castanotis, P. aracari and Selenidera maculirostris, in which only the first pair of chromosomes was metacentric. The second group included four Ramphastos species (R. dicolorus, R. ariel, R. vitellinus, R. tucanus cuvieri) with two pairs of metacentric macrochromosomes (the first and the seventh). The third group was represented by a single species, A. laminirostris, in which all the autosomal chromosomes were telocentric. All of the species had subtelocentric Z chromosomes, similar in size to homologues of the first pair. Sex chromosome W was a small chromosome. The chromosome number ranged from 2n = 62 in P. aracari to 114 in R. toco. The cytotaxonomic relationships among toucan species are discussed, based on chromosome analysis.
Chromosomal polymorphism involving chromosome pairs 3 and 5 problably due to a pericentric inversion is reported for 60 specimens of Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes-Aves). The frequency of seven different karyotypes, due to the fact that chromosome 3 is present in the 3 s' and 3 sm conditions and chromosome 5 in the 5 st and 5 m conditions, and the significance of this polymorphism are discussed for the genus Zonotrichia and for other genera from the same family (Emberizidae).
The bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is a South American canid, included in the IBAMA (Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources) official list of animals threatened with extinction, in the vulnerable category. As a preservation and conservation strategy, specimens kept in captivity by Brazilian Institutions are monitored by a management plan. In order to characterize and analyze the genetic variability of bush dog specimens, a cytogenetic analysis was carried out, and microsatellite data were also obtained through the use of 15 primers, originally developed for the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). All tested primers showed transferability and amplified fragment sizes similar to those described for the canine genome. From the total number of primers, eight were tested, and presented two polymorphic regions. Regarding cytogenetic analysis, one of the animals had chromosomal mosaicism, disqualifying it as a reproducer to form stocks. Thus, we concluded that the genetic evaluation of wild animals kept in captivity provides data that can help with the practice of exchange between different institutions, avoiding problems in the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock.
<p>O artigo apresenta uma análise da dimensionalidade da prova de conhecimentos gerais do vestibular da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) e consolida a construção de uma escala em uma prova que inclui itens associados às diferentes disciplinas integrantes do currículo do ensino médio no Estado de São Paulo. Embora a prova seja interdisciplinar, esse estudo mostra a viabilidade de se adotar uma medida unidimensional pela teoria da resposta ao item. Além disso, por meio de uma análise fatorial de informação completa, foi possível identificar quais habilidades e competências a prova está medindo. Os fatores que mais se destacaram foram o raciocínio lógico, a proficiência em Língua Inglesa e o conhecimento em Humanidades.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Teoria da Resposta ao Item, Escala de Avaliação, Análise Fatorial, Vestibular.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Dimensionalidad y escala de conocimiento en uma prueba interdisciplinaria</strong></p><p>En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de la dimensionalidad de la prueba de conocimientos generales del examen de ingreso a la Universidad Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) y se consolida la construcción de una escala en un test que incluye ítems asociados a las diferentes disciplinas que forman parte del currículo de la educación secundaria en el estado de São Paulo. Aunque la prueba es interdisciplinaria, este estudio demuestra la viabilidad de adoptar una medida unidimensional por la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. Además, por medio de un análisis factorial de información completa fue posible conocer las habilidades y competencias que la prueba mide. Los factores que más se destacaron fueron el razonamiento lógico, el dominio del idioma inglés y el conocimiento de Humanidades.</p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> Teoría de la Respuesta al Ítem, Escala de Evaluación, Análisis Factorial, Examen de Ingreso a la Universidad.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Dimensionality and proficiency scale at an interdisciplinary test</strong><strong></strong></p><p>This paper analyzes the dimensionality of the general knowledge test for admission into the Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp) and consolidates the construction of a scale in a test that includes items associated with the various subjects forming the high school curriculum in the state of São Paulo. Although the test is an interdisciplinary one, this study shows the feasibility of adopting a one-dimensional measure through item response theory. In addition, we used full information factor analysis to map the skills and competencies measured by the test. The main factors found were logical reasoning, proficiency in English and knowledge of Humanities.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Item Response Theory, Assessment Scale, Factor Analysis, Admission Exam.</p>
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