As e-shopping proliferates, transportation planners examine the extent to which it will replace shopping trips. Although previous studies have explored relationships between online purchasing and store purchasing, few have examined the relationships for different types of products in China. A joint ordered probit model was applied to investigate the relationships among 963 respondents in Nanjing, China. Online purchasing had positive associations with store purchasing for all four types of products (clothing, books, daily goods, and electronics), even after shopping attitudes and demographics were controlled for. The magnitude of the complementarity effect differs by product type, with less frequently purchased products showing a larger effect. The impact of online purchasing on road systems is limited in China because transit and walking are dominant modes for shopping trips. However, the impact is expected to grow.

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The rise of e-shopping significantly changes the way that people shop. Transportation planners have a keen interest in the substitution of e-shopping for store shopping and its impact on transportation systems. The literature offers mixed findings on the relationship between online and store shopping. Few studies have explored this relationship in China where e-shopping has proliferated and retail land use and transportation systems have evolved. Using data gathered from adult internet users in Nanjing, this paper applies structural equation modelling to investigate the relationships among store shopping, online shopping, and online searching. The results show that online and store shopping have a positive association, however, the effect is from the latter to the former. Online searching positively influences both online and store shopping. These results imply that e-shopping as an information channel promotes store shopping.

In the metropolises of China, the metro plays an increasingly important role in commuting because of its efficiency, affordability, and cleanliness. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between walking access distance to metro stations and the demographic characteristics of passengers, such as age, monthly income, travel frequency, gender, and travel purpose, as well as the influence of the urban context. Nanjing Metro Line 2 is selected as the case study. By using different methods such as a questionnaire survey, spatial decay function, analysis of covariance (ANOVA), network analysis of routes, and K-means cluster analysis, it is suggested that demographic characteristics have a significant impact on the pedestrian walking distance, with the exception of gender. Furthermore, the paper finds a spatial decay effect in walking access distance, the decay rate of which, however, varies across stations. Terminal stations have a larger pedestrian catchment area than in regular and exchange stations. Moreover, the passengers of Nanjing Metro Line 2 can be classified into six groups according to their demographic characteristics, among which education and occupation are vital indicators in determining their willingness to walk to the stations. Middle-class passengers have a higher dependence on the metro and tend to walk longer than other groups do. This study provides an important reference for planners and transport sectors to optimize land-use and transport infrastructures.

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City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China's city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.